Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Botanical Diversity > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What kingdom are protists in?

A

Protista

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are protists?

A

simple and small eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Kingdom Protista is what type of classification?

A

an artificial one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is the Protista kingdom considered artificial?

A

not all the groups in it are related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How old are the oldest protists?

A

1.5 billion years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What organelles do protists have?

A

endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many membranes does protists have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are a protists ER from?

A

plasma invaginations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A protists nuclear membrane is what with the ER?

A

continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who proposed the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Lynn Margulis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

1st mitochondria were engulfed by eukaryote, the 1st mitochondria was engulfed by cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

A

mitochondria, protists, and chloroplasts have peptidoglycan cell walls; chloroplast and mitochondria can pass genes to the next generation; the process occurs today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What phylum were euglenoids a part of?

A

Euglenophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the phylum Euglenophyta also called?

A

Euglenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What trophic level were the euglenoids?

A

heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Leishmania and how is it contracted?

A

a disease from tropical flies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can Leishmania cause?

A

epidermal lesions, internal swarming, and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the origin of Leishmania?

A

unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does Euglena reproduce?

A

by cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does Euglena do and indicate?

A

it will bloom if there is a lot of feces present in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What color is Euglena and why does this happen?

A

red, to protect itself from light damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a eugleloids resevoir?

A

the ‘gullet’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is in a Euglenoids reservoir?

A

invaginated area, flagella attach, food ingestion, and the contractile vacuole excretes waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many types of flagella are there in Protista?

A

2 (emergent and included)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does emergent flagellum do?

A

moves the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does included flagellum do?

A

rotates to bring in food and expel waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are members of the phylum Dinophyta called?

A

dinoflagellates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does dineo mean?

A

to whirl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How many flagella are in the phylum dinophyta?

A

2 (trailing and lateral/transverse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does trailing flagella do and where is it located?

A

propel cell in the longitudinal groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does a lateral/transverse flagella do and where is it located?

A

spins the cell in the lateral groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do dinoflagellate cell walls look like?

A

thick and appears sectioned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the sections in a dinoflagellate called?

A

armor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What trophic levels do dinoflagellates have?

A

1/2 nonphotosynthetic and heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do dinoflagellate chloroplasts look like?

A

red due to many xanthophylls and carotenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How many chromosomes do dinoflagellates have and how long can they be?

A

400 plus, around 40 m in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does a dinoflagellate nucleus look like?

A

large and dark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the relationship between dinoflagellates and coral?

A

there is some endosymbionts in it to make it a red, pink color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a red tide?

A

a dinoflagellate bloom in salt water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Are dinoflagellates toxic?

A

some are to fish and shellfish, and to those who eat infected food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is Pfiesteria and what does it do?

A

a nonphotosynthetic dinoflagellate without theca, and can be imbed into animals to create sores (memory loss and death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are dinoflagellates from?

A

feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How do dinoflagellates reproduce?

A

cell division (sexually if stressed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What life cycle do dinoflagellates have?

A

zygotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How does a dinoflagellate life cycle go?

A

zygote undergoes meiosis = monobiontic haploid cell (1N), two IN cells unite = zygote undergoes meiosis = 4 IN cells (individuals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What Dinophyta have bioluminescence?

A

Noticula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the gene and enzyme that allows bioluminescence?

A

Luciferin and luciferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the phylum Chlorophyta?

A

green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does algae lack that plants have?

A

cuticles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is a quality algae and plants have in common sometimes?

A

some have a cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What pigments do green algae have?

A

chlorophyll a & b, carotene, and xanthophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is photosynthate?

A

stored excess products of photosynthesis (starch, lipids, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are chlamydomonas?

A

a type of green algae/Chlorophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the chloroplast like in Chlamydomonas?

A

it is parietal (under plasma membrane) and cup-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is an eyespot?

A

modified portion of the single chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is a pyrenoid?

A

area in chloroplast where excess photosynthate and rubisco are stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What zygote number are Chlamydomonas?

A

1 N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How do Chlamydomonas reproduce?

A

asexually by cell division (original and copy of zygote inside the parent cell wall, wall breaks, and new individuals are free)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Can Chlamydomonas sexually reproduce?

A

yes, only if stressed (2 1N unite, undergoes meiosis, 4 1N cells form genetically different)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is a zygospore?

A

a zygote that develops thick walls with spike-like extensions and goes dormant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is Pandorina?

A

type of green algae/Chlorophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What does Pandorina look like?

A

a spherical colony of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Is Pandorina different than Chlamydomonas?

A

no, they are identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What does a Pandorina colony look like?

A

not hollow and with a few cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

How is Pandorina formed?

A

1 Chlamydomonas undergoes cell division = several linked cells = Pandorina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What life cycle type does Pandorina have?

A

zygotic (1C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

How does Pandorina reproduce?

A

Cells released from 2 different colonies = zygote undergoes meiosis = 4 1N cells, each one undergoes cell divisions = daughter cells connected = colony of connected cells (Pandorina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is Volvox?

A

a type of green algae/Chlorophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What does Volvox look like?

A

hollow and spherical colony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

How does Volvox reproduce?

A

asexually by cell division = daughter colony, and zygotic sexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

How does Volvox reproduce sexually?

A

1 cell of a colony loses flagella, enlarges to turn into an ‘egg’, unites with a ‘sperm’ cell from another colony = zygote undergoes meiosis = 4 volvox colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is isomagy/isogamous gametes?

A

motile gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Are Chlamydomonas and Pandorina modern or primitive?

A

primitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is oogamy/oogamous gametes?

A

1 large, nonmotile cell (egg) and smaller motile cell (sperm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is a periphyton?

A

green algae that live on submerged objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is Caulerpa?

A

a marine periphyton (1 giant multinucleate cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What does coenocytic mean?

A

lacks cell walls perpendicular to the long axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What does Caulerpa look like?

A

rhizome-like with leaf-like appendages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What typically happens when people use Caulerpa?

A

it’s a popular aquarium plant, but people toss it down the drain so it ends up off the coasts of S. CA and the Meddit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is Ulothrix?

A

a green algae/Chlorophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What does Ulothrix look like?

A

an unbalanced filament with bracelet-shaped chloroplasts and a holdfast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is a holdfast?

A

a structure or cell modification for attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What does Ulothrix produce?

A

zoospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What are zoospores?

A

flagellated cells derived by cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What type of sexual reproduction does Ulothrix have?

A

zygotic IC and alternation of generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

How does the Ulothrix zygotic cycle happen?

A

cell division = 2 cells, union = zygote undergoes meiosis = 4 IN cells, each undergoes cell division = 4 filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

How does the Ulothrix alt. of gen. happen?

A

cell division = 2 cells, union = zygote undergoes cell division = filament, undergoes meiosis by many cells of it = many 1N cells, each undergoes cell division = another filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What phases does alt. of gen. have?

A

2 (gametophyte and sporophyte/sporic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What does each phase produce?

A

1N gametes and 1N spores/meiospores (=2N)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

How does the sporophyte cycle happen?

A

gametophyte undergoes cell division = 2 cells, unite = zygote, undergoes cell division = sporophyte, undergoes meiosis by many cells of filament = many 1N cells (spores), each cell divides = gametophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

If the phases are identical morphologically such as in Ulothrix, the phases are called what?

A

isomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

In a sporic cycle, what produces more 1N cells with more diversity: a zygote or a zygotic alt. of gen.?

A

a zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Union of gametes/zygotic formation is more difficult when gametes are in what?

A

open water

94
Q

How did a sporic cycle evolve?

A

from a zygotic cycle by DELAY OF MEIOSIS (cell div. instead = 2N)

95
Q

What is Haptophyta?

A

a type of green algae/Chlorophyta; marine unicells

96
Q

What type of flagella-like part does Haptophyta have and what does it do?

A

an extension called haptonema for capturing prey, located between 2 apical flagella

97
Q

What are coccoliths?

A

disc-like cells made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that reflect white light

98
Q

What are coccolithophorids?

A

haptophyta with coccoliths

99
Q

What effect do coccolithophorids have on the environment?

A

they have a cooling effect on the climate

100
Q

What happens when haptophyta blooms?

A

turns the water a milky white

101
Q

What is marine snow?

A

small clumps of organics and CaCO3 that sink

102
Q

What is haptophyta a main component of?

A

marine snow

103
Q

What do haptophyta form?

A

chalk

104
Q

What is chalk, technically?

A

limestone with a lot of coccoliths

105
Q

What time period is chalk most common in?

A

Cretaceous period, Mesozoic era

106
Q

How did more haptophyta species go extinct?

A

asteroid with the dinosaurs

107
Q

How is the Cretaceous period considered over?

A

lack of chalk formations

108
Q

What is in the phylum Rhodophyta?

A

chloroplasts with high phycoerythrin

109
Q

What is phycoerythrin?

A

pigment that absorbs green and reflects red

110
Q

How do most Rhodophyta reproduce?

A

alt. of gen.

111
Q

Where are most Rhodophyta found?

A

deep and warm water

112
Q

What are the three tidal zones?

A

uppermost, intermediate, and lowermost

113
Q

Where is the uppermost zone and what bacteria does it mostly have?

A

just above the tide water line; desiccation tolerant cyanobacteria covering rocks

114
Q

What is the intermediate zone and what bacteria does it mostly have?

A

just under the high water line; green and brown algae

115
Q

What is the lowermost zone and what bacteria does it mostly have?

A

just above low tide level; red algae

116
Q

What color light does water mostly absorb?

A

red light

117
Q

What did Engelmann demonstrate?

A

that red or blue light drives photosynthesis best relative to green (reflected by plants)

118
Q

What was Engelmann’s hypothesis?

A

that red algae occurs in deep water because phycoerythrin absorbs green available at depth (green is not absorbed by water or by algae above)

119
Q

What does Engelmann’s research show?

A

it does not explain algae distribution

120
Q

What is Rhapophyta with CaCO3 coverings?

A

calcerous or coralline coral (helps build CaCO3 reefs)

121
Q

What are Rhapophyta cell walls like?

A

weak, has few microfibris, and with a matrix material

122
Q

What is a Rhapophyta’s matrix material?

A

gel-like material embedding microfibris

123
Q

What is carrageenan?

A

a cell wall used to thicken chocolate milk, etc.; extracted from algae grown in S. Pacific

124
Q

What is agar?

A

used to solidify nutrient media to grow bacteria

125
Q

What does the genus Porphyta contain?

A

edible, used to wrap sushi, etc.; formed in shallow harbors

126
Q

What does the phylum Chromophyta contain?

A

colored algae due to pigments other than chlorophylls

127
Q

What does the genus Valcheria look like?

A

filamentous with high xanthophylls and carotenes

128
Q

Where does genus Valcheria occur and what can eat it?

A

occurs in fresh and saltwater; food for sea slugs, chloroplasts remain undigested = photosynthetic slugs

129
Q

What is brown algae?

A

a Chromophyta with high fucoxanthin (brown pigment)

130
Q

What is Sargassum?

A

brown algae common in the Sargasso Sea (mid Atlantic and Gulf of mexico) washed up, edible with iodine, treats goiters

131
Q

What is kelp?

A

large brown algae, most common in cold shallow water

132
Q

Where does kelp occur?

A

N. Atlantic and all Pacific coast

133
Q

How do ocean currents move in the N. hemisphere?

A

clockwise (N along the Atlantic, S along the Pacific)

134
Q

What parts does kelp have?

A

holdfast, stripe (stalk), blades, and gas bladder

135
Q

What is a gas bladder?

A

cysts that float, keep blades near the surface

136
Q

What is kelp harvested for?

A

algin (a cell wall matrix component)

137
Q

What is algin used for?

A

to thicken certain things such as ice cream or paint

138
Q

What well-known animal does kelp give a habitat to?

A

otters who eat urchins who eat kelp

139
Q

What is Laminana?

A

kelp without a gas bladder; can be used as food, or even to help the birthing process

140
Q

What is a macrocytis?

A

kelp that can grow over 300 feet

141
Q

What color does water absorb?

A

red, instead of blue or green

142
Q

Coastal water has high concentrations of what?

A

dissolved organics such as plant tannins (brown color) that absorb blue light

143
Q

What color is most abundant in coastal water?

A

green light

144
Q

What can absorb green light?

A

fucoxanthin

145
Q

What is probably the most diverse and numerous group of eukaryotes?

A

diatoms

146
Q

What do diatom chloroplasts contain?

A

fucoxanthin (brown pigment)

147
Q

Where are diatoms MOST common?

A

cold saltwater

148
Q

What fraction of the world’s photosynthetic biomass does diatoms contribute?

A

1/4

149
Q

Diatoms are what for most aquatic environments?

A

the trophic/food base

150
Q

Diatom’s photosynthate includes?

A

lipids

151
Q

What part of the ocean do diatoms contribute?

A

ocean foam

152
Q

Diatoms are used to indicate what?

A

water quality

153
Q

What part of diatoms makes rocks slippery?

A

sheaths

154
Q

What do mucus stalks in some diatoms do?

A

aid in attachment and can elevate the diatom above other periphytons for light to avoid local nutrient limitations

155
Q

What symmetry types do diatoms have?

A

radial and pennate/bilateral

156
Q

What are radial diatoms like?

A

dinner plate-shaped, marine, nonmotile phytoplankton

157
Q

What are pennate diatoms like?

A

a freshwater periphyton, with a raphe

158
Q

What is a raphe?

A

longitudinal slit in a cell wall

159
Q

What is a raphe needed for?

A

required for motility along a surface

160
Q

What is the mechanism for a raphe?

A

unknown

161
Q

What are diatom cell walls made of?

A

silica

162
Q

What are diatom cell walls resistant to?

A

decay

163
Q

What do diatom cell walls have rows of?

A

pores (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis)

164
Q

What do some diatoms have?

A

ribs (perpendicular thickenings of cell wall)

165
Q

What do the diatom pores and ribs appear as?

A

lines in the cell wall

166
Q

What can diatoms form on land?

A

diatomaceous earth

167
Q

What is diatomaceous earth?

A

accumulated diatom walls on ocean bottoms

168
Q

What is diatomaceous earth used for?

A

an abrasive, reflectant, insect, and parasite killer

169
Q

What are diatom cell walls composed of?

A

2 overlapping halves (valves)

170
Q

What do the two diatom halves look like?

A

petri dish and lid

171
Q

What is the region of valve overlap called?

A

girdle

172
Q

When you see a valve view, what does the diatom look like?

A

radial

173
Q

When you see a girdle view, what does the diatom look like?

A

rectangular

174
Q

Can diatoms bloom?

A

yes

175
Q

What life cycle do diatoms have?

A

gametic life cycle (2N = monobiontic diploid IC)

176
Q

How does the diatom life cycle work?

A

two 2N cells pair undergo meiosis = 1N gametes shed walls and unite = zygote enlarges and forms a new wall = 2N individual diatom

177
Q

How can the diatom life cycle affect the population?

A

decrease population by 1/2

178
Q

What is the purpose of the diatom life cycle?

A

increase genetic diversity

179
Q

The diatom 1C possibly evolved from what?

A

the zygotic 1C (1N individual) by zygote becoming with the longest-lived phase

180
Q

The 2N phase of diatoms can withstand what?

A

environmental stresses (same with zygotes of Chlorophyta and Dinophyta)

181
Q

What is the purpose of asexual reproduction for diatoms?

A

increases population

182
Q

In diatom asexual, what does each daughter cell have?

A

has 1 of the parent cell valves and forms 1 new smaller valve INTERIOR of the old valve (1/2 parent part, 1/2 new half much smaller each time)

183
Q

Can very small diatoms undergo any reproduction?

A

sexually; the zygote “auxospore” enlarges dramatically prior to valve formation

184
Q

What can diatoms absorb?

A

dissolved organics (many grow in deep shade)

185
Q

What produces photosynthesis for diatoms in leaf-produced shade?

A

fucoxanthin

186
Q

What organisms are included in the supergroup Archaeplastida?

A

organisms with chloroplasts similar to cyanobacteria cells (Chlorophyta and plants)

187
Q

What are the ancestors of the Archaeplastida supergroup?

A

ancestors who derived chloroplasts from endosymbiosis

188
Q

What parts do the land-adapted plants have?

A

cuticles, pores for gas exchange (stomata), and heteromorphic alt. of gen. (sporic)

189
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

small plants that lack vascular tissue

190
Q

What can’t bryophytes do?

A

can’t transport water or sugar long-distance

191
Q

Where are bryophytes most abundant?

A

wet environments

192
Q

Bryophytes are the only plants with a dominant what phase?

A

gametophytes

193
Q

What do the bryophytes in the phylum Hepaticophyta look like?

A

have liver-like lobes, a thalloid (flat form), and thallus (plant body)

194
Q

What phylum has the most primitive extant plants and why?

A

Hepaticophyta plants (mitochondrial DNA is similar to Chlorophyta mitochondrial DNA)

195
Q

Phylum Bryophyta (mosses) contain what classes?

A

Spagnopsida and Bryopsida

196
Q

Peat moss is also known as what?

A

sphagnum

197
Q

Sphagnum is the only what in Byrnophyta?

A

Genus

198
Q

What does Sphagnum look like?

A

pale green with leaf-like appendages with colorless, large water water-holding cells

199
Q

What inhibits bacteria, and fungi, and preserves food in sphagnum?

A

cell cytoplasm with low pH

200
Q

What is peat?

A

layers of sphagnum

201
Q

Peat contains what?

A

Preserved materials

202
Q

What is pest used for?

A

Determine past organisms, fuel for heat, produce smoke flavor in scotch whisky

203
Q

What happens when peat is added to soil?

A

Increases acidity and water-holding capacity

204
Q

What is the Class Bryopsida considered?

A

True moss

205
Q

What does true moss look like?

A

Green, narrow “leaves”, has rhizoids (“hair” with “root” functions)

206
Q

What can rhizoids do?

A

Allows attachment to smooth surfaces

207
Q

Class Bryopsida plants can be considered a what plant?

A

Succession (present in new habitats)

208
Q

Class Bryopsida plants can help do what regarding soil?

A

Convert rocks and create soil

209
Q

Where can Bryopsida plants dominate?

A

Tundra (treeless and frozen soil)

210
Q

What are true moss gametophytes like?

A

Erect and dioecious

211
Q

Male Bryopsida plants have what sperm?

A

Flagellated sperm called antheridia

212
Q

Female Bryopsida plants have what type of eggs?

A

Vase-shaped with 1 cell each called arachegonia

213
Q

What is a venter?

A

Archegonium base with an egg then a zygote following fertilization

214
Q

Where does a sporophyte develop from?

A

a zygote by cell division

215
Q

What parts does a sporophyte have?

A

a seta (stalk) and a sporangium (structure with sporocytes)

216
Q

What do sporocytes give rise to?

A

spores (2N cells, meiosis = 1N spores

217
Q

What are spores?

A

the immature, filamentous gametophytes

218
Q

What is a protonema?

A

erect gametophytes

219
Q

Sphagnum shares a life cycle type with who?

A

true moss (with the same parts and zygote = stalked sporangium sporophyte)

220
Q

How does spore dispersal work in sphagnum?

A

high air pressure; a vortex ring forms by air and blasts spore out of the operculum (sporangium cap)

221
Q

What time period was the Precambrian era and what fossils did it have?

A

4.6 bill - 0.5 bill; oldest prokaryotic and eukaryotic fossils

222
Q

What did the Paleozoic era begin with?

A

Cambrian period; new species (such as algae) appeared for unknown reasons

223
Q

When did Nashville limestone develop and what is it?

A

developed right after the Carbian (“Ordovician”); CaCO3 coverings of microscopic algae

224
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

as CO2 increases, the heat stays trapped within the atmosphere, increasing the global temp. (bad business)

225
Q

What is the biological carbon pump?

A

the movement of C from the air to the water to ocean sediments

226
Q

Where does the biological carbon pump come from?

A

from algal photosynthesis and CaCO3 production

227
Q

The algal carbon product rate of movement depends on what?

A

pH, temp, currents in water, and algal metabolism

228
Q

Most of Earth’s carbon sources are what?

A

vegetation (mostly algal biomass), CO2 in ocean water, and algal metabolism deposits (coal, oil, limestone)

229
Q

CO2 is what percent of the atmosphere?

A

0.1%

230
Q

How much has the CO2 percent risen since the industrial revolution?

A

0.01%

231
Q

What are CO2 levels affected by?

A

volcanic activity, rates of plant/algae metabolism, natural degradation of sediments/CaCO3, and fossil fuel burning

232
Q

Climate changes are affected by what?

A

ice ages, periodic changes in the earth’s tilt, periodic changes in sunspots, and CO2

Botanical Diversity (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions