Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What kingdom are protists in?
A
Protista
2
Q
What are protists?
A
simple and small eukaryotes
3
Q
Kingdom Protista is what type of classification?
A
an artificial one
4
Q
Why is the Protista kingdom considered artificial?
A
not all the groups in it are related
5
Q
How old are the oldest protists?
A
1.5 billion years
6
Q
What organelles do protists have?
A
endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
7
Q
How many membranes does protists have?
A
2
8
Q
What are a protists ER from?
A
plasma invaginations
9
Q
A protists nuclear membrane is what with the ER?
A
continuous
10
Q
Who proposed the endosymbiotic theory?
A
Lynn Margulis
11
Q
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
A
1st mitochondria were engulfed by eukaryote, the 1st mitochondria was engulfed by cyanobacteria
12
Q
What is the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?
A
mitochondria, protists, and chloroplasts have peptidoglycan cell walls; chloroplast and mitochondria can pass genes to the next generation; the process occurs today
13
Q
What phylum were euglenoids a part of?
A
Euglenophyta
14
Q
What was the phylum Euglenophyta also called?
A
Euglenoids
15
Q
What trophic level were the euglenoids?
A
heterotrophic
16
Q
What is Leishmania and how is it contracted?
A
a disease from tropical flies
17
Q
What can Leishmania cause?
A
epidermal lesions, internal swarming, and death
18
Q
What is the origin of Leishmania?
A
unknown
19
Q
How does Euglena reproduce?
A
by cell division
20
Q
What does Euglena do and indicate?
A
it will bloom if there is a lot of feces present in water
21
Q
What color is Euglena and why does this happen?
A
red, to protect itself from light damage
22
Q
What is a eugleloids resevoir?
A
the ‘gullet’
23
Q
What is in a Euglenoids reservoir?
A
invaginated area, flagella attach, food ingestion, and the contractile vacuole excretes waste
24
Q
How many types of flagella are there in Protista?
A
2 (emergent and included)
25
What does emergent flagellum do?
moves the cell
26
What does included flagellum do?
rotates to bring in food and expel waste
27
What are members of the phylum Dinophyta called?
dinoflagellates
28
What does dineo mean?
to whirl
29
How many flagella are in the phylum dinophyta?
2 (trailing and lateral/transverse)
30
What does trailing flagella do and where is it located?
propel cell in the longitudinal groove
31
What does a lateral/transverse flagella do and where is it located?
spins the cell in the lateral groove
32
What do dinoflagellate cell walls look like?
thick and appears sectioned
33
What are the sections in a dinoflagellate called?
armor cells
34
What trophic levels do dinoflagellates have?
1/2 nonphotosynthetic and heterotrophic
35
What do dinoflagellate chloroplasts look like?
red due to many xanthophylls and carotenes
36
How many chromosomes do dinoflagellates have and how long can they be?
400 plus, around 40 m in length
37
What does a dinoflagellate nucleus look like?
large and dark
38
What is the relationship between dinoflagellates and coral?
there is some endosymbionts in it to make it a red, pink color
39
What is a red tide?
a dinoflagellate bloom in salt water
40
Are dinoflagellates toxic?
some are to fish and shellfish, and to those who eat infected food
41
What is Pfiesteria and what does it do?
a nonphotosynthetic dinoflagellate without theca, and can be imbed into animals to create sores (memory loss and death)
42
What are dinoflagellates from?
feces
43
How do dinoflagellates reproduce?
cell division (sexually if stressed)
44
What life cycle do dinoflagellates have?
zygotic
45
How does a dinoflagellate life cycle go?
zygote undergoes meiosis = monobiontic haploid cell (1N), two IN cells unite = zygote undergoes meiosis = 4 IN cells (individuals)
46
What Dinophyta have bioluminescence?
Noticula
47
What is the gene and enzyme that allows bioluminescence?
Luciferin and luciferase
48
What is the phylum Chlorophyta?
green algae
49
What does algae lack that plants have?
cuticles
50
What is a quality algae and plants have in common sometimes?
some have a cell wall
51
What pigments do green algae have?
chlorophyll a & b, carotene, and xanthophyll
52
What is photosynthate?
stored excess products of photosynthesis (starch, lipids, etc.)
53
What are chlamydomonas?
a type of green algae/Chlorophyta
54
What is the chloroplast like in Chlamydomonas?
it is parietal (under plasma membrane) and cup-shaped
55
What is an eyespot?
modified portion of the single chloroplast
56
What is a pyrenoid?
area in chloroplast where excess photosynthate and rubisco are stored
57
What zygote number are Chlamydomonas?
1 N
58
How do Chlamydomonas reproduce?
asexually by cell division (original and copy of zygote inside the parent cell wall, wall breaks, and new individuals are free)
59
Can Chlamydomonas sexually reproduce?
yes, only if stressed (2 1N unite, undergoes meiosis, 4 1N cells form genetically different)
60
What is a zygospore?
a zygote that develops thick walls with spike-like extensions and goes dormant
61
What is Pandorina?
type of green algae/Chlorophyta
62
What does Pandorina look like?
a spherical colony of cells
63
Is Pandorina different than Chlamydomonas?
no, they are identical
64
What does a Pandorina colony look like?
not hollow and with a few cells
65
How is Pandorina formed?
1 Chlamydomonas undergoes cell division = several linked cells = Pandorina
66
What life cycle type does Pandorina have?
zygotic (1C)
67
How does Pandorina reproduce?
Cells released from 2 different colonies = zygote undergoes meiosis = 4 1N cells, each one undergoes cell divisions = daughter cells connected = colony of connected cells (Pandorina)
68
What is Volvox?
a type of green algae/Chlorophyta
69
What does Volvox look like?
hollow and spherical colony
70
How does Volvox reproduce?
asexually by cell division = daughter colony, and zygotic sexually
71
How does Volvox reproduce sexually?
1 cell of a colony loses flagella, enlarges to turn into an 'egg', unites with a 'sperm' cell from another colony = zygote undergoes meiosis = 4 volvox colonies
72
What is isomagy/isogamous gametes?
motile gametes
73
Are Chlamydomonas and Pandorina modern or primitive?
primitive
74
What is oogamy/oogamous gametes?
1 large, nonmotile cell (egg) and smaller motile cell (sperm)
75
What is a periphyton?
green algae that live on submerged objects
76
What is Caulerpa?
a marine periphyton (1 giant multinucleate cell)
77
What does coenocytic mean?
lacks cell walls perpendicular to the long axis
78
What does Caulerpa look like?
rhizome-like with leaf-like appendages
79
What typically happens when people use Caulerpa?
it's a popular aquarium plant, but people toss it down the drain so it ends up off the coasts of S. CA and the Meddit.
80
What is Ulothrix?
a green algae/Chlorophyta
81
What does Ulothrix look like?
an unbalanced filament with bracelet-shaped chloroplasts and a holdfast
82
What is a holdfast?
a structure or cell modification for attachment
83
What does Ulothrix produce?
zoospores
84
What are zoospores?
flagellated cells derived by cell division
85
What type of sexual reproduction does Ulothrix have?
zygotic IC and alternation of generations
86
How does the Ulothrix zygotic cycle happen?
cell division = 2 cells, union = zygote undergoes meiosis = 4 IN cells, each undergoes cell division = 4 filaments
87
How does the Ulothrix alt. of gen. happen?
cell division = 2 cells, union = zygote undergoes cell division = filament, undergoes meiosis by many cells of it = many 1N cells, each undergoes cell division = another filament
88
What phases does alt. of gen. have?
2 (gametophyte and sporophyte/sporic)
89
What does each phase produce?
1N gametes and 1N spores/meiospores (=2N)
90
How does the sporophyte cycle happen?
gametophyte undergoes cell division = 2 cells, unite = zygote, undergoes cell division = sporophyte, undergoes meiosis by many cells of filament = many 1N cells (spores), each cell divides = gametophyte
91
If the phases are identical morphologically such as in Ulothrix, the phases are called what?
isomorphic
92
In a sporic cycle, what produces more 1N cells with more diversity: a zygote or a zygotic alt. of gen.?
a zygote
93
Union of gametes/zygotic formation is more difficult when gametes are in what?
open water
94
How did a sporic cycle evolve?
from a zygotic cycle by DELAY OF MEIOSIS (cell div. instead = 2N)
95
What is Haptophyta?
a type of green algae/Chlorophyta; marine unicells
96
What type of flagella-like part does Haptophyta have and what does it do?
an extension called haptonema for capturing prey, located between 2 apical flagella
97
What are coccoliths?
disc-like cells made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that reflect white light
98
What are coccolithophorids?
haptophyta with coccoliths
99
What effect do coccolithophorids have on the environment?
they have a cooling effect on the climate
100
What happens when haptophyta blooms?
turns the water a milky white
101
What is marine snow?
small clumps of organics and CaCO3 that sink
102
What is haptophyta a main component of?
marine snow
103
What do haptophyta form?
chalk
104
What is chalk, technically?
limestone with a lot of coccoliths
105
What time period is chalk most common in?
Cretaceous period, Mesozoic era
106
How did more haptophyta species go extinct?
asteroid with the dinosaurs
107
How is the Cretaceous period considered over?
lack of chalk formations
108
What is in the phylum Rhodophyta?
chloroplasts with high phycoerythrin
109
What is phycoerythrin?
pigment that absorbs green and reflects red
110
How do most Rhodophyta reproduce?
alt. of gen.
111
Where are most Rhodophyta found?
deep and warm water
112
What are the three tidal zones?
uppermost, intermediate, and lowermost
113
Where is the uppermost zone and what bacteria does it mostly have?
just above the tide water line; desiccation tolerant cyanobacteria covering rocks
114
What is the intermediate zone and what bacteria does it mostly have?
just under the high water line; green and brown algae
115
What is the lowermost zone and what bacteria does it mostly have?
just above low tide level; red algae
116
What color light does water mostly absorb?
red light
117
What did Engelmann demonstrate?
that red or blue light drives photosynthesis best relative to green (reflected by plants)
118
What was Engelmann's hypothesis?
that red algae occurs in deep water because phycoerythrin absorbs green available at depth (green is not absorbed by water or by algae above)
119
What does Engelmann's research show?
it does not explain algae distribution
120
What is Rhapophyta with CaCO3 coverings?
calcerous or coralline coral (helps build CaCO3 reefs)
121
What are Rhapophyta cell walls like?
weak, has few microfibris, and with a matrix material
122
What is a Rhapophyta's matrix material?
gel-like material embedding microfibris
123
What is carrageenan?
a cell wall used to thicken chocolate milk, etc.; extracted from algae grown in S. Pacific
124
What is agar?
used to solidify nutrient media to grow bacteria
125
What does the genus Porphyta contain?
edible, used to wrap sushi, etc.; formed in shallow harbors
126
What does the phylum Chromophyta contain?
colored algae due to pigments other than chlorophylls
127
What does the genus Valcheria look like?
filamentous with high xanthophylls and carotenes
128
Where does genus Valcheria occur and what can eat it?
occurs in fresh and saltwater; food for sea slugs, chloroplasts remain undigested = photosynthetic slugs
129
What is brown algae?
a Chromophyta with high fucoxanthin (brown pigment)
130
What is Sargassum?
brown algae common in the Sargasso Sea (mid Atlantic and Gulf of mexico) washed up, edible with iodine, treats goiters
131
What is kelp?
large brown algae, most common in cold shallow water
132
Where does kelp occur?
N. Atlantic and all Pacific coast
133
How do ocean currents move in the N. hemisphere?
clockwise (N along the Atlantic, S along the Pacific)
134
What parts does kelp have?
holdfast, stripe (stalk), blades, and gas bladder
135
What is a gas bladder?
cysts that float, keep blades near the surface
136
What is kelp harvested for?
algin (a cell wall matrix component)
137
What is algin used for?
to thicken certain things such as ice cream or paint
138
What well-known animal does kelp give a habitat to?
otters who eat urchins who eat kelp
139
What is Laminana?
kelp without a gas bladder; can be used as food, or even to help the birthing process
140
What is a macrocytis?
kelp that can grow over 300 feet
141
What color does water absorb?
red, instead of blue or green
142
Coastal water has high concentrations of what?
dissolved organics such as plant tannins (brown color) that absorb blue light
143
What color is most abundant in coastal water?
green light
144
What can absorb green light?
fucoxanthin
145
What is probably the most diverse and numerous group of eukaryotes?
diatoms
146
What do diatom chloroplasts contain?
fucoxanthin (brown pigment)
147
Where are diatoms MOST common?
cold saltwater
148
What fraction of the world's photosynthetic biomass does diatoms contribute?
1/4
149
Diatoms are what for most aquatic environments?
the trophic/food base
150
Diatom's photosynthate includes?
lipids
151
What part of the ocean do diatoms contribute?
ocean foam
152
Diatoms are used to indicate what?
water quality
153
What part of diatoms makes rocks slippery?
sheaths
154
What do mucus stalks in some diatoms do?
aid in attachment and can elevate the diatom above other periphytons for light to avoid local nutrient limitations
155
What symmetry types do diatoms have?
radial and pennate/bilateral
156
What are radial diatoms like?
dinner plate-shaped, marine, nonmotile phytoplankton
157
What are pennate diatoms like?
a freshwater periphyton, with a raphe
158
What is a raphe?
longitudinal slit in a cell wall
159
What is a raphe needed for?
required for motility along a surface
160
What is the mechanism for a raphe?
unknown
161
What are diatom cell walls made of?
silica
162
What are diatom cell walls resistant to?
decay
163
What do diatom cell walls have rows of?
pores (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis)
164
What do some diatoms have?
ribs (perpendicular thickenings of cell wall)
165
What do the diatom pores and ribs appear as?
lines in the cell wall
166
What can diatoms form on land?
diatomaceous earth
167
What is diatomaceous earth?
accumulated diatom walls on ocean bottoms
168
What is diatomaceous earth used for?
an abrasive, reflectant, insect, and parasite killer
169
What are diatom cell walls composed of?
2 overlapping halves (valves)
170
What do the two diatom halves look like?
petri dish and lid
171
What is the region of valve overlap called?
girdle
172
When you see a valve view, what does the diatom look like?
radial
173
When you see a girdle view, what does the diatom look like?
rectangular
174
Can diatoms bloom?
yes
175
What life cycle do diatoms have?
gametic life cycle (2N = monobiontic diploid IC)
176
How does the diatom life cycle work?
two 2N cells pair undergo meiosis = 1N gametes shed walls and unite = zygote enlarges and forms a new wall = 2N individual diatom
177
How can the diatom life cycle affect the population?
decrease population by 1/2
178
What is the purpose of the diatom life cycle?
increase genetic diversity
179
The diatom 1C possibly evolved from what?
the zygotic 1C (1N individual) by zygote becoming with the longest-lived phase
180
The 2N phase of diatoms can withstand what?
environmental stresses (same with zygotes of Chlorophyta and Dinophyta)
181
What is the purpose of asexual reproduction for diatoms?
increases population
182
In diatom asexual, what does each daughter cell have?
has 1 of the parent cell valves and forms 1 new smaller valve INTERIOR of the old valve (1/2 parent part, 1/2 new half much smaller each time)
183
Can very small diatoms undergo any reproduction?
sexually; the zygote "auxospore" enlarges dramatically prior to valve formation
184
What can diatoms absorb?
dissolved organics (many grow in deep shade)
185
What produces photosynthesis for diatoms in leaf-produced shade?
fucoxanthin
186
What organisms are included in the supergroup Archaeplastida?
organisms with chloroplasts similar to cyanobacteria cells (Chlorophyta and plants)
187
What are the ancestors of the Archaeplastida supergroup?
ancestors who derived chloroplasts from endosymbiosis
188
What parts do the land-adapted plants have?
cuticles, pores for gas exchange (stomata), and heteromorphic alt. of gen. (sporic)
189
What are bryophytes?
small plants that lack vascular tissue
190
What can't bryophytes do?
can't transport water or sugar long-distance
191
Where are bryophytes most abundant?
wet environments
192
Bryophytes are the only plants with a dominant what phase?
gametophytes
193
What do the bryophytes in the phylum Hepaticophyta look like?
have liver-like lobes, a thalloid (flat form), and thallus (plant body)
194
What phylum has the most primitive extant plants and why?
Hepaticophyta plants (mitochondrial DNA is similar to Chlorophyta mitochondrial DNA)
195
Phylum Bryophyta (mosses) contain what classes?
Spagnopsida and Bryopsida
196
Peat moss is also known as what?
sphagnum
197
Sphagnum is the only what in Byrnophyta?
Genus
198
What does Sphagnum look like?
pale green with leaf-like appendages with colorless, large water water-holding cells
199
What inhibits bacteria, and fungi, and preserves food in sphagnum?
cell cytoplasm with low pH
200
What is peat?
layers of sphagnum
201
Peat contains what?
Preserved materials
202
What is pest used for?
Determine past organisms, fuel for heat, produce smoke flavor in scotch whisky
203
What happens when peat is added to soil?
Increases acidity and water-holding capacity
204
What is the Class Bryopsida considered?
True moss
205
What does true moss look like?
Green, narrow “leaves”, has rhizoids (“hair” with “root” functions)
206
What can rhizoids do?
Allows attachment to smooth surfaces
207
Class Bryopsida plants can be considered a what plant?
Succession (present in new habitats)
208
Class Bryopsida plants can help do what regarding soil?
Convert rocks and create soil
209
Where can Bryopsida plants dominate?
Tundra (treeless and frozen soil)
210
What are true moss gametophytes like?
Erect and dioecious
211
Male Bryopsida plants have what sperm?
Flagellated sperm called antheridia
212
Female Bryopsida plants have what type of eggs?
Vase-shaped with 1 cell each called arachegonia
213
What is a venter?
Archegonium base with an egg then a zygote following fertilization
214
Where does a sporophyte develop from?
a zygote by cell division
215
What parts does a sporophyte have?
a seta (stalk) and a sporangium (structure with sporocytes)
216
What do sporocytes give rise to?
spores (2N cells, meiosis = 1N spores
217
What are spores?
the immature, filamentous gametophytes
218
What is a protonema?
erect gametophytes
219
Sphagnum shares a life cycle type with who?
true moss (with the same parts and zygote = stalked sporangium sporophyte)
220
How does spore dispersal work in sphagnum?
high air pressure; a vortex ring forms by air and blasts spore out of the operculum (sporangium cap)
221
What time period was the Precambrian era and what fossils did it have?
4.6 bill - 0.5 bill; oldest prokaryotic and eukaryotic fossils
222
What did the Paleozoic era begin with?
Cambrian period; new species (such as algae) appeared for unknown reasons
223
When did Nashville limestone develop and what is it?
developed right after the Carbian ("Ordovician"); CaCO3 coverings of microscopic algae
224
What is the greenhouse effect?
as CO2 increases, the heat stays trapped within the atmosphere, increasing the global temp. (bad business)
225
What is the biological carbon pump?
the movement of C from the air to the water to ocean sediments
226
Where does the biological carbon pump come from?
from algal photosynthesis and CaCO3 production
227
The algal carbon product rate of movement depends on what?
pH, temp, currents in water, and algal metabolism
228
Most of Earth's carbon sources are what?
vegetation (mostly algal biomass), CO2 in ocean water, and algal metabolism deposits (coal, oil, limestone)
229
CO2 is what percent of the atmosphere?
0.1%
230
How much has the CO2 percent risen since the industrial revolution?
0.01%
231
What are CO2 levels affected by?
volcanic activity, rates of plant/algae metabolism, natural degradation of sediments/CaCO3, and fossil fuel burning
232
Climate changes are affected by what?
ice ages, periodic changes in the earth's tilt, periodic changes in sunspots, and CO2
