Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 1220 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are single celled fungi called

A

yeasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the weblike bodies of multicellular fungi called

A

mycelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what part of a mushroom is the fruiting body

A

reproductive structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what 2 things of the mushroom is made of hyphae

A

reproductive structure and mycelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is hyphae made of

A

made of strings of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what divides most hyphae into compartments

A

septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does coenocytic hyphae consist of

A

multinucleate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the spore producing structures formed when hyphae are yoked

A

swimming gametes and spores, zygosporangia, basidia (club fungi), asci (sac fungi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do you remember swimming gametes and spores

A

individual gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do you remember zygosporangia

A

2 headed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do you remember basidia

A

4 spores on the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do you remember asci

A

8 spores in chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are conidia located

A

ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is conidia for

A

asexual spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do fungi eat

A

decomp, digest outside of body and excrete enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

are fungi plants

A

no, closer to animals than plants, no chloroplasts for photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

do fungi have cell walls, if yes, what are they made of

A

chitin - a network sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is ectomycorrhizal and endomycorrhizal fungi

A

ecto - around the roots and individual cells , endo - penetrating cell walls,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are lichens made of

A

mutualistic partnership between ascomycete and cyanobacterium or alga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why are fungi good decomposers

A

can turn trees into soft soil, large surface area of mycelium makes nutrient absorption exceptionally efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of digestion do fungi do, describe it

A

extracellular, digestion that takes place outside the organisms, simple compounds resulting from enzymatic action are absorbed by hyphae, lignin and cellulose digested by fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what enzyme does fungi use to break down lignin, describe the process

A

lignin peroxidase - catalyzes oxidation step that creates a free radical and leads to series of uncontrolled reactions that split the polymer into smaller units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does fungi use to break down cellulose, describe the process

A

enzymes called cellulases that are nutrient poor, oxygen rich, extract nutrients and release carbon, secrete the enzymes into extracellular environment, cellulases together convert cellulose into glucose that the fungus can absorb and use as a food source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe the sexual reproduction part of the fungi life cycle (drawing)

A

mycelium -> PLASMOGAMY -> heterokaryotic mycelium (n +n) -> nuclei -> KARYOGAMY -> zygote -> MEIOSIS -> spore producing structure -> spores -> MITOSIS -> mycelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe the asexual reproduction part of the fungi life cycle (drawing)

A

mycelium -> MITOSIS -> spore producing structure -> MITOSIS -> spores -> MITOSIS -> mycelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe the variation in sexual reproduction in fungi (drawing)

A

mature spore producing body (n+n) -> KARYOGAMY -> MEIOSIS -> spores dispersed in wind -> MITOSIS -> spores germinate to form hyphae -> PLASMOGAMY (n+n) -> dikaryotic mycelium begins to grow (n+n) -> mature spore producing body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what key traits do animals that are eukaryotes share

A

multicellularity with cells that lack cell walls and have an extensive extracellular matrix ( external cytoskeleton so sugars sit outside cell structure), heterotrophy - obtain necessary carbon compounds from other organisms, most ingest their food rather than absorbing it, motility - move under their own power at some point in their life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the most basal animal lineage

A

sponges (phylum Porifera) - multicellularity originated in sponge like animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what characteristics do sponges share with choanoflagellates

A

both are benthic (live at the bottom of aquatic environments), and sessile (adults live permanently attached to a substrate rather than moving freely)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how do sponges and choanoflagellates feed

A

make water current to pull nutrients and pull water in then out, use flagella to propel water, filter feed foo, extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is a epithelium

A

layer of tightly joined cells that covers interior and exterior surface of animal, thing that some sponges have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are spicules

A

stiff spikes of silica or calcium carbonate that provide structural support to the ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what distinguishes lineages of sponges

A

types of spicules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what genomic data has said that maybe sponges are not the first

A

ctenophora are sister group to all other animals and are only animal that lacks microsRNAs (possibly that trait was lost over time),

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

biologists once considered spongers to be colonies of single celled protists because sponge cells are able to reaggregate after being dissociated. What evidence may have helped them to realize that sponges are actually animals and not colonial protists

A

they have an extracellular matrix surrounding their cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are diploblasts

A

animals whose embryo have two types of tissues/ germ layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the germ layers for diploblasts

A

ectoderms (outside skin), endoderm (inside skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are triploblasts

A

animals whose embryos have 3 germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm (middle skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does the ectoderm give rise to

A

skin and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does the endoderm give rise to

A

the lining of the digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does the mesoderm give rise to

A

circulatory system, muscle, internal structures like bone and most organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what 2 groups of animals are recognized as diploblasts

A

ctenophora (comb jellies), cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea pens, hydra, and anemones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

how do larval and adult ctenophores swim, how does it change the body’s shape

A

uses cilia, but some species adults have contractile tissue that can change the body’s shape, many cnidarians can change the shape of their bodies,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what homologous genes for contractile proteins exist for animals

A

actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

actin and myosin are used in ctenophores and cnidarians in contractile cells, where are they derived from

A

endoderm and/or ectoderm, called epitheliomuscular cells, functionally similar to true mesodermal muscle cells but evolved independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what the different kinds of body symmetry

A

radial and bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is radial symmetry and animals that have it

A

at least 2 planes of symmetry, cnidarians, ctenophores, some sponges, (evolved independently in the echinoderms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is bilateral symmetry

A

single plane of symmetry and long narrow bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the cnidarians body symmetry

A

appears radially symmetric, but bilaterally symmetric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the theory around the evolution of the head and nervous system

A

tightly linked to the evolution of bilateral symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are the head and nervous systems in spongers, cnidarians, and ctenophores

A

sponges lack nerve cells and symmetry, radially symmetrical cnidarians and ctenophores have nerve cells that are organized into a nerve net, some ctenophores may also have clusters of nerves called ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is a ganglia

A

clusters of nerves \that gain central structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are the nervous systems of bilaterians like

A

more diverse ranging from a nerve net to a more complex central nervous system, some neurons clustered into tracts or cords, other neurons clustered in masses called ganglia, advantageous to have many neurons concentrated at that end, nerve tracts carry information down length of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what the evolution of the CNS coincide with

A

cephalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is cephalization

A

evolution of a head where structures for feeding, sensing the environment and processing information are concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is a cerebral ganglion

A

brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

where is the brain located in

A

the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what does the brain do

A

large mass of neurons that is responsible for sending and receiving information to and from the body, network of centralized system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is a coelom

A

enclosed fluid filled body cavity between the tubes that provides a space for oxygen and nutrients to circulate, enables the internal organs to move independently of each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are coelomates

A

have an enclosed body cavity completely lined with mesoderm, ex: earthworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are acoelomates

A

no enclosed body cavity, ex: flatworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are pseudocoelomates

A

enclosed body cavity partially lined with mesoderm, ex: roundworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what are the 2 major subgroups of embryonic development

A

protostomes (first mouth), named for embryonic development of mouth before anus; deuterostomes (second mouth) named from embryonic development of anus before mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what are the growth patterns of lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans

A

lophotrochozoans - grow incrementally
ecdysozoans - grow by molting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are the 2 major groups within protostomes

A

lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what are lexamples of lophotrochozoans

A

mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and rotifers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

how do lophotrochozoans grow

A

continuously when conditions are good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what are examples of edysozoans

A

arthropods and nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

how do ecdysozoans grow

A

by shedding their external skeletons or outer coverings and expanding their bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what is segmentation

A

division of body or a part of body into a series of similar structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what is a defining characteristic of vertebrates

A

segmented backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what is the monophyletic lineage within the chordata

A

vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what are invertebrates

A

paraphyletic group where segmentation is conspicuous in annelids and arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what did more predators v prey cause

A

more variations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what is a key aspect of cephalization

A

concentration of sensory organs in the head region as well as a mouth and brain, which is a great deal of diversity of sensory abilities and structures among animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what senses do most animals have, what do only some animals have

A

common: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch; some: sense temperature, magnetic field, electric field, barometric pressure, gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what can animals be classified as for feeding

A

detritivores, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what are detritivores

A

which feed on dead organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what are herbivores

A

which feed on plants or algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what are carnivores

A

feed on other animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what are omnivores

A

eat both plants and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what are parasites

A

harvest nutrients from parts of their hosts, usually smaller than their victims

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what are endoparasites

A

live nside their hosts and usually have simple wormlike bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what are ectoparasites

A

live outside their hosts and usually have limbs or mouthparts that allow them to grasp the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what are the 4 feeding tactics observed in animals

A

suspension feeders/ filter feeders, deposit feeders, fluid feeders, mass feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what are the functions of animal locomotion

A

finding food, finding mates, escaping from predators, dispersing to new habitats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

what are the 3 types of skeletal systems

A

hydrostatic, endoskeletons, exoskeletons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what is a hydrostatic skeleton

A

support from flexible body wall in tension surrounding fluid or soft tissue under compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what is an endoskeleton

A

derive support from rigid structures inside the body such as bones in vertebrates and spicules in sponges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

what are exoskeletons

A

derive support from rigid structures on the outside of the body, such as the external armor of arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

how do rotifera reproduce

A

asexually through mitosis by producing diploid eggs that can mature into adults without being fertilized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

what is parthenogenesis

A

reproduce sexually through mitosis by producing diploid eggs that mature into adults without being fertilized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

how does asexual reproduction occur

A

fission/ splitting and by budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what is viviparous

A

live bearing species (develop inside placenta, live birth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

what is oviparous

A

egg bearing species (eggs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

what is ovoviviparous

A

egg live bearing species (sea horse, shark)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

what are characteristics of viviparous species

A

retain the embryos in females body during development, give birth to live young, include most mammals,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

what are characteristics of oviparous species

A

lay eggs outside to develop independently of the mother, embryos are nourished by yolk within the egg, most of species are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

what are ovoviviparous species

A

female retains eggs inside her body during early development, growing embryos are nourished by yolk inside the egg and not by nutrients transferred directly from the mother, females give birth to well developed young, includes many insects, fish, and reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

what is the ploidy level of most sexually reproducing animals and why

A

diploid dominant life cycles because haploid gametes are single celled and short lived, with some exceptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

what is metamorphosis

A

drastic change from one developmental stage to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

what happens during indirect development

A

embryogenesis -> metamorphosis -> growth and maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

what happens during embryogenesis

A

produces larvae which look radically different from adults, live in different habitats and eat different foods

104
Q

what happens during metamorphosis

A

transforms larvae into juveniles which look like adults, live in the same habitats and eat the same foods, are still sexually immature

105
Q

what happens during the growth and maturation

A

transform the juveniles into adults, which are the reproductive stage in the life cycle

106
Q

describe the life cycle of a sea urchin (drawing)

A

egg and sperm -> FERTILIZATION -> zygote -> EMRYOGENESIS -> larva -> METAMORPHOSIS -> juvenile -> GROWTH -> adult -> GAMETOGENESIS

107
Q

what are the most ancient of all major animal lineages

A

Porifera (sponges), Ctenophora (comb jellies), Cnidaria (jellyfish and others)

108
Q

what are characteristics of porifera

A

sponges, diverse group of sessile, mostly marine, suspension feeders, common in rocky, shallow water habitats of oceans, providing food and habitats for other organisms

109
Q

what are characteristics of ctenophora

A

comb jellies, although a few species of comb jellies live on the ocean floor, most are planktonic and predatory, fewer than 200 species have been described, lack stinging cells that are characteristics of cnidarians

110
Q

what are characteristics of cnidaria

A

jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids; cnidarians are found in all of the worlds oceans, key synapomorphy is a specialized cell called cnidocyte, which is used in prey capture

111
Q

what is the life cycle of cnidocyte (drawing)

A

egg and sperm -> FERTILIZATION -> zygote -> larva -> feeding polyps -> reproductive polyp -> MITOSIS -> medusa -> MEIOSIS -> egg

112
Q

what are reef building corals

A

ecosystems engineers - each poly secretes a calcium carbonate endoskeleton that is left behind long after polyp dies, each generational of corals builds on secretions of its predecessors, gradually creating the physical structure of a coral reef, tropical waters are typically nutrient poor and hold little food for suspension feeders like coral polyps, corals have mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic protists and green algae, photosynthetic cells hosted by corals produce nutrients for the coral, the corals provide habitat and protection to the cells

113
Q

what are the 5 major animal lineages in the tree of life

A

sponges, comb jellies, corals and jellyfish, protostomes and deuterostomes

114
Q

what are the most diverse and abundant

A

of the 30 animal phyla described t o date, 22 are protostomes

115
Q

what protostome phyla has little diversity

A

priapula - only has 16 named species

116
Q

what protostomes have a lot of diversity

A

85,000 mollusks have been named, 1.2 million arthropod species

117
Q

How can protostomes have important ecological roles

A

live in virtually every aquatic and terrestrial habitat, can be detritivores, herbivores, or carnivores,

118
Q

what is the importance of protostomes

A

major direct source of food for humans, provide ecosystem services, some damage crops, some produce materials such as silk and pearls, cause or transmit human disease and are parasites

119
Q

what are the 2 most important model organisms

A

fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans)

120
Q

what is the diversity of protostomes like

A

big diversity, exact order of branches under debate, bilaterian ancestor was likely bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic, gave rise to array of body plans among bilaterians during the Cambrian explosion

121
Q

what are major protostome phylas

A

insects (arthrpoda), nematoda, mollusca, platyhelminthes, annelida, chordata, echinodermata, cnidaria, porifera, others

122
Q

how do biologists distinguish protostomes from deuterostomes

A

embryonic development of mouth before anus during gastrulation, inability of isolated early embryonic cells to develop into complete embryo, formation of coelom by splitting of blocks of mesodermal cells

123
Q

what are the 2 major subgroups within protostomes

A

lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa

124
Q

what animals are in lophotrochozoa

A

mollusks and annelid worms

125
Q

what animals are in ecdysozoa

A

nematodes and anthropods

126
Q

describe the water to land transition of protostomes

A

originated in ocean -> protostomes made transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments -> made transition multiple times as they diversified, most (snails and Anthropoda) survived on land), experience of adaptive radiation (period of rapid speciation)

127
Q

what did water to land transitions give opportunity to for protostomes

A

transition to land coincided with adaptive radiation of plants on land

128
Q

what did water to land transitions give opportunity to for land plants

A

thrived in increased availability of sunlight and CO2 on land compared to water, resulted in high net primary productivity of land plants

129
Q

what new adaptations must allow protostomes to make the transition to land

A

exchange gases, avoid drying out, hold up their bodies under their own weight

130
Q

how have roundworms and earthworms changed to live on land

A

high surface area to volume ratio, increases efficiency of gas exchange across their body surface in their most environments

131
Q

how have terrestrial arthropods and mollusks changed to live on land

A

have gills or other respiratory structures located inside the body, minimizes water loss when moving onto land

132
Q

how have insects evolved to live on land

A

waxy layer to minimize water loss from body surface, if environment dries, openings to respiratory passages can be closed; desiccation resistant eggs evolved repeatedly in populations that made transition to life on land, have thick membranes that keeps in moisture, snail and slug eggs have thick shell that retains water

133
Q

what are compartmentalized body plants

A

bodies divided into different regions with different functions, needed for evolutionary flexibility

134
Q

what protostomes have compartmentalized body plans

A

mollusks and arthropods

135
Q

what kind of group are lophotrochozoans

A

monophyletic

136
Q

what does monophyletic mean

A

all descendants of common ancestor

137
Q

what are the 2 morphological traits that occur in lophotrochozoans

A

feeding structure that is used for suspension feeding called a lophophore, a type of larva that swims and may feed called a trochophore

138
Q

what is a trochophore larvae

A

occurs in animals that undergo indirect development, live in different habitats and eat different foods, originated early evolution of lophotrochozoans which later evolved into different larval types in some groups,

139
Q

what is the spiral pattern of cleavage

A

synapomorphy, when cells divide at oblique angles that make a spiraling pattern of cells that is unique to lophotrochozoans

140
Q

if an animal belongs to lophotrochozoa, what characteristics do they have

A

lophophore, trochophore, and spiral cleavage, but not all have all 3 characteristics

141
Q

describe how lophotrochozoans look

A

long thin tubelike bodies that lack limbs, are worms

142
Q

where is the outside tube skin derived from in lophotrochozoans

A

ectoderm

143
Q

where is the inside tube gut derived from in lophotrochozoans

A

endoderm

144
Q

where are muscles and organs derived from in lophotrochozoans

A

mesoderm

145
Q

what is a flat worm

A

flattened shape of their bodies, lack coelom and structures for gas exchange and circulation of oxygen and nutrients

146
Q

what is the hypothesis about how the flatworm’s flattened body is an adaptation

A

large surface area for gas exchange, flat body allows nutrients and gases to diffuse efficiently to cells with minimal expenditure in complex internal structures, requires flatworms to live in an aquatic or moist environment

147
Q

what are eye spots for

A

recognize light patterns

148
Q

do annelids have a digestive tract

A

fully developed digestive tract with mouth, anus and segmented body

149
Q

what are chaetae

A

numerous bristle like extensions

150
Q

what are parapodia

A

extend from lobe like appendages

151
Q

what are characteristics of mollusks

A

foot - large muscle located at base of animal for movement
visceral mass - region containing main internal organs and external gill
mantle - outgrowth of body wall that covers visceral mass forming enclosure called mantle cavity

152
Q

what is the body plan of mollusks

A

radula, shell if present, mantle cavity, gill

153
Q

what are the lineages of mollusks

A

chitons, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods

154
Q

what are chitons

A

mollusks with dorsal shells made of plates

155
Q

what are bivalves

A

clams and mussels

156
Q

what are gastropods

A

slugs and snails

157
Q

what are cephalopods

A

squid and octopuses

158
Q

what is the muscular foot like in snails and chitons

A

at base of body, works as hydrostatic skeleton called muscular hydrostat, waves of muscle contractions sweep backward or forward allowing individuals to crawl along surface

159
Q

what is the foot like in bivavles

A

digging appendage

160
Q

what is the foot like in cephalopods

A

foot modified to form tentacles for crawling and grasping

161
Q

what is visceral mass

A

region in all mollusks where organs and surrounding fluids are located, separate from muscular foot

162
Q

what does a coelom do in mollusks

A

highly reduced in mollusks, functioning mostly in reproduction and excretion of wastes

163
Q

what is a hemocoel

A

body fluids bathe organs directly in open circulatory system, not lined in mesoderm and has distinct developmental origin

164
Q

what is a radula

A

rasp and files, moves back and forth over food source so it scrapes material, lost in bivalves

165
Q

what is a mantle

A

a shell made of calcium carbonate, some mollusk have 1,2, or 8 parts called valves or no shell at all, in bivalves shell is hinged and closes, many marine and terrestrial snails can retract into their shells when they are attacked or when their tissues begin to dry out

166
Q

what functions does the mantle do

A

in terrestrial snails - makes an internal lung, bivalves - lined with muscle and forms siphons, cephalopods - makes siphon in jet propulsion

167
Q

what is an ecdysozoan

A

grow intermittently by molting, shedding of the soft cuticle or hard exoskeleton, animals molts so fluid causes body to expand, new larger cuticle or exoskeleton forms

168
Q

what are species in phylum Nematoda called

A

roundworms or nematodes

169
Q

what are characteristics of roundworms

A

unsegmented worms with pseudocoelom, tube within a tube, no appendages, elastic cuticle that can be molted, lack specialized systems for exchanging gases and circulating nutrients

170
Q

what do roundworms do in their ecosystems

A

eat bacterial, fungi, archaea, etc., mouthparts increase efficiency of feeding on particular type of organism or material,

171
Q

what are the 3 key features of arthropods

A

segmented body organized into tagmata, exoskeleton, joined appendages

172
Q

what are the tagmata of arthropods

A

grasshopper and insects - head thorax and abdomen; spider or crayfish - cephalothorax and abdomen

173
Q

what is the exoskeleton made of for arthropods

A

polysaccharide chitin - strengthened by calcium carbonate in crustaceans

174
Q

what do jointed appendages allow for in arthropods

A

allow for very rapid and precise movement

175
Q

name the functions of a crayfish’s legs from antennae to tail

A

sensory, feeding, defense, walking, swimming

176
Q

what animals first achieved powered fligh

A

insects

177
Q

how did growing wings help insects

A

escape predators and search for new food resources

178
Q

how many times did wings evolve

A

only once

179
Q

how did wings occur

A

as unjointed extensions of dorsal cuticle on second and third segments of insect thorax, but have been secondarily lost or modified many times

180
Q

what are the 4 lineages of arthropods

A

myriapods, insects, crustaceans, chelicerates

181
Q

what is complete metamorphosis

A

look completely different and completely changes

182
Q

how can specialization be an advantage

A

higher efficiency in feeding and reproduction and thus higher fitness

183
Q

what are the most abundant and most diverse animals

A

protostomes

184
Q

what is a deuterostomes

A

second mouth, grouped together because they share important features of embryonic development, gut develops from posterior to anterior, coelom develops form outpockets of mesoderm

185
Q

what are the 3 phyla of deuterostomes

A

Echinodermata, hemichordata, chordata

186
Q

what are echnioderms

A

spiny skins, all marine animals, very abundant especially in deepwater environments

187
Q

what are the 3 main traits of echnioderms

A

radial symmetry in adults, endoskeleton of calcium carbonate, water vascular system and tube feet

188
Q

what is the symmetry in echinoderms

A

larvae bilaterally symmetric, radially symmetric animals dont have heads, but adults have pentaradial symmetry

189
Q

what is pentaradial symmetry

A

5 sided radial symmetry

190
Q

what symmetry occurs in deuterostomes

A

bilateral

191
Q

what is the endoskeleton of echinoderms like

A

hard protective and supportive structure located inside thin layer of epidermal tissue, forms during development through secretion of calcium carbonate plates inside skin

192
Q

what is a water vascular system

A

series of branching fluid filled tubes and chambers, sea water flows in and out of system that echinoderms have

193
Q

what are tube feet

A

important part of water vascular system, elongated fluid filled appendages, each made of ampulla on the inside of the body and tube like podium projecting on the outside

194
Q

how do echinoderms feed

A

mass feeding on algae or other animals, suspension feeding, deposit feeding

195
Q

what plays a key role for echinoderms to obtain food

A

tube feet

196
Q

what are the 5 major lineages of echinoderms today that we should focus on

A

asteroidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea

197
Q

what 4 morphological features should chordates have at some stage in their life cycle

A
  1. openings into throat called pharyngeal gill slits
  2. dorsal hollow nerve cord that runs the length of body comprised of projections from neurons
  3. stiff and supportive but flexible rod called notochord that runs the length of the body
  4. muscular post anal tail
198
Q

what are the 3 major lineages that make up the phylum Chordata

A

invertebrate chordates
1. cephalochordates
2. urochordates
3. vertebrates

199
Q

what animals are vertebrates

A

hagfish, lampreys, sharks and rays , bony fishes, amphibians, mammals, and reptiles, and birds

200
Q

what did the dorsal hollow nerve cord turn into

A

a spinal cord

201
Q

what did pharyngeal pouches turn into

A

gills in aquatic species but not in terrestrial species

202
Q

does a notochord develop in all vertebrate embryos

A

yes

203
Q

what helps body support and movement? notochord or vertebral column

A

notochord

204
Q

how do notochords help organize body plans

A

by secreting proteins that induce somite formation

205
Q

what are somites

A

segmented blocks of tissue that later differentiate into vertebrae, ribs, and skeletal muscles

206
Q

what are vertebrates

A

monophyletic group distinguished by 2 synapormorphies

207
Q

what are the 2 synapomorphies of vertebrates

A

vertebrae and cranium

208
Q

what is a vertebrae

A

protects spinal cord, column of cartilaginous or bony structures that form along dorsal side of most species

209
Q

what is the cranium

A

protects brains and sensory organs, bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous case encloses brain

210
Q

what parts protect the central nervous system and key sensory structures

A

vertebrae and cranium

211
Q

what is cartilage

A

strong flexible tissue that consists of scattered cells in gel like matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers, found throughout the body

212
Q

what is bone

A

dense tissue of cells and blood vessels encase in matrix of calcium phosphate

213
Q

what are the most species rich and ecologically diverse vertebrates

A

ray finned fishes and tetrapods

214
Q

what are ray finned fishes

A

gold fish, tuna, salmon; fins supported by bony rods

215
Q

what are tetrapods

A

reptiles, amphibians and mammals; large herbivores and predators in terrestrial environments

216
Q

what are the 3 general themes of vertebrate evolution

A
  1. most vertebrates are extinct
  2. some traits evolved more than once: convergent evolution has occurred in multiple lineages
  3. traits are sometimes lost: evolution is not a progression from simple to complex and is not limited to addition of new traits
217
Q

what are jawed vertebrates

A

gnathostomes; monophyletic group including 5 major living lineages

218
Q

what animals are gnathostomes

A

cartilaginous fishes, ray finned fishes, coelacanths, lungfishes, tetrapods

219
Q

what happened after the appearance of jawbones

A

teeth appeared in fossil record

220
Q

why was the evolution of jaws significant

A

improved ability of fishes to capture prey and bite, no longer limited to suspension or deposit feeding

221
Q

what are other key traits of gnathostomes

A

paired fins, internal fertilization

222
Q

how did feeding strategies diversify when jaws originated

A

ray finned fishes: jaw is protrusible and can be extended to bite food, have second specialized jaw called pharyngeal jaw that consists of modified gill arches

223
Q

what was the major event in evolution of vertebrates

A

transition to living on land

224
Q

describe the first vertebrates

A

had limbs and were capable of moving on land date to about 365 mya , first tetrapods, vertebrate animals with 4 limbs

225
Q

what are tetrapods

A

vertebrate animals with four limbs

226
Q

what major lineages came from the transition from water to land

A

amphibians, mammals, reptiles

227
Q

what are amphibians

A

both sides living, first tetrapods to live on land, adults of most feed on land but lay eggs in water, most undergo metamorphosis from aquatic larva to terrestrial or semiterrestrial adult, gas exchange occurs across their moist mucus covered skin

228
Q

what are the first tetrapods that lived on land

A

amphibians

229
Q

how does gas exchange occur in amphibians

A

across their most mucus covered skin

230
Q

what animals are in the monophyletic group Amphibia

A

frogs and toads, salamanders, snake like caecilians

231
Q

what is an amniota

A

lineage that includes all tetrapods other than amphibians

232
Q

what is an amniotic egg

A

protective covering that reduces the rate of drying

233
Q

how do reptiles, birds, and few mammals lay eggs

A

produce an amniotic egg and lay them outside of water

234
Q

what are the 3 inner membranes that surround eggs

A

embryo (amnion), yolk (yolk sac), waste (allantois)

235
Q

what does albumen do

A

cushions developing embryo and provides nutrients

236
Q

what do membranes in the egg provide

A

mechanical support and increase surface area for gas exchange

237
Q

what is an egg surrounded by

A

shell

238
Q

what are mammals

A

monophyletic group of amniotes named for mammary glands, which produce milk

239
Q

what is the process of milking nourished developing young

A

lactation

240
Q

only vertebrates with what can make suckling possible

A

cheek muscles and lips

241
Q

what are endotherms

A

inside heated, maintain high body temperatures by oxidizing large amounts of food and generating large amounts of heat, body covered with layers of hair or fur made of keratin

242
Q

what are the 3 major lineages of mammals alive today

A

egg laying monotremes, pouch bearing marsupials, placental (eutherians) which produce placenta within uterus or oviduct during pregnancy

243
Q

what is placenta

A

organ combining maternal and embryonic tissues, rich in blood vessels that facilitate flow of O2 and nutrients from mother to developing embryo and also remove nitrogenous wastes and CO2 from embryo

244
Q

what does embryo contribute to

A

placenta: allantois and chorion; difussion of gases, nutrients and wastes

245
Q

what happens to the embryo after gestation

A

embryo emerges from mothers body

246
Q

what are the evolutionary advantages of viviparity and placenta

A

offspring develop at a more constant favorable temperature, are protected, portable (mothers aren’t tied to a nest)

247
Q

what are the trade offs of being a mammal

A

placenta is energetically expensive to produce and bearing live young is energetically costly

248
Q

when did the earliest mammals appear

A

about 195 mya

249
Q

when were mammals widespread and ecologically diverse

A

by 165 mya, when dinosaurs and other reptiles were dominant large herbivores and predators in terrestrial and aquatic environments

250
Q

when did most mammal lineages die out

A

during end of Cretaceous mass extinction about 66 mya

251
Q

what process did mammal lineages that survived go through

A

adaptive radiation; filled ecological roles once dominated by dinosaurs and ocean dwelling extinct reptiles

252
Q

what are reptiles

A

monophyletic group that represents second major living lineage

253
Q

what are the 4 major lineages of reptiles

A

lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodiles and alligators, birds

254
Q

what were adaptations for life on land for reptiles.

A

skin is watertight by a layer of scales made of keratin, breathe air through well developed lungs, lay shelled amniotic eggs, many living reptiles ectotherm (do not use internally generated heat to regulate their body temperature, bask in sunlight, seek shade, and other behaviors to keep body temperature at appropriate level)

255
Q

what are urochordates

A

have external coat of polysaccharide, covers and supports body, 3 major sub lineages: sea squirts, salps, larvaceans

BIO 1220 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions