Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 1220 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what were Charles Darwins idea of special creation

A

species are independent and unrelated, life on earth is about 6000 yrs old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what was platos thinking

A

every organism was a perfect being created by God and types were unchanging, people have purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what was aristoles thinking

A

organisms are ranked higher and lower with humans on top, lowest of the lower and highest of the higher, things change a little

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the definition of evolution

A

populations of organisms that need to change over time, not just 1 individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the differences between wallace and darwins thinking

A

wallace said species are independent and the planet is 6000 yrs old, species dont change and are special creations

darwin said evolution is going on for a long time and species do change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why does lamarcks theory not work

A

lamarck says a challenge develops something, the process doesnt work because diving doesnt mean gills and webbed feet, which cant be passed onto kids and offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is platos thinking called

A

typological thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what was lamarck’s thinking

A

change a little by moving up the chain, made better species and progressive, better than the version before, never a mistake, change is for the best and can’t see it, progressing means traits from somewhere and inheritance of acquired characters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compare darwins and lamarck’s theories

A

larmarck: phenotype changes because of the environment, phenotypic changes passes onto offspring, changes are immediate

darwin: survival of the fittest and changes happen over generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how did darwin describe evolution

A

descent with modification - change over time produced modern, modified species from ancestral species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

whaat did darwin and wallace propose for change in a species through time

A

doesn’t follow a linear and progressive pattern, its based on variations among individuals in populations, individuals with certain traits produce more offspring than those without these traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the definition of a population

A

individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what kind of thinking was Darwins and Wallaces

A

population thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why does darwin and wallaces theory use population thinking

A

because variation among individuals was key

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why did Darwin and Wallaves theory revolutionary

A

overturned idea that species are static and unchanging, replaced typological thinking with population thinking, proposed a mechanism that could account for change through time, predictions could be tested through obeservation and experimentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what did the theory of evolution by natural selection predict

A

species change through time and species are related by common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are fossils

A

traces of organisms that lived in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a fossil record

A

fossils that have been found and described in scientific literature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a geologic time scale based on

A

fossils relative positions in layers of sedimentary rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is geologic time divided

A

eons , eras, periods, and epochs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what did darwin interpret extinction as evidence for

A

species are dynamic and species living on earth has changed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

are extinction events rare and caused by something

A

no, extinction events are natural and can happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the law of succession

A

fossil species are strikingly similar to living species in the same geographic areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what did darwin interpret the law of succession pattern as evidence for

A

species changed throughout time and extinct and living forms were related and represented ancestors and descendants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are transitional features
traits in a fossil species that are intermediate between ancestral and derived species
26
what is a vestigial trait
a reduced or incompletely devloped structure that has no or reduced function, clearly similar to functioning organs or structure in closely related species
27
how does lamarcks theory support bacterial being resistant to drugs
environment changed, over use of antibiotics, resistant ones survive
28
how does lamarcks theory support bacterial being resistant to drugs
environment changed, over use of antibiotics, resistant ones survive
29
what is a phylogenetic tree
diagram that illustrates the ancestor- descendant relationships among taxa
30
what does homology mean
same across species, a similarity that exists in spcies descended from a common ancestor
31
how can homology be recognized
genetic, developmental, structural
32
what is genetic homology
similarity in dna nucleotide sequences, rna nucleotide sequences or amino acid sequences
33
what is developmental homology
seen in embroyos of different species
34
what is structural homology
similarity in adult morphology
35
what do the genetic homologies cause
developmental homologies observed in embryos
36
what do developmental homologies lead to
strucutral homologies recognized in adults
37
what is speciation
process the results in one spcies splitting into two or more descendant spcies
38
what are the four criteria of evolution by natural selection created by darwin
1. individuals in a population vary in their traits, 2. some of these differences are heritable, 3. in each generation, many more offspring are produced than can survive, only some will survive long enough to reproduce and some will produce more offspring than others, 4. individuals with certain heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, natural selection occurs when individuals with certain traits produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits, the individuals are selected naturally by the environment
39
what is biological fitness
ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile offspring relative to that ability in other individuals in the population
40
what is the main point of natural selection
individuals dont change, only population does
41
what is acclimiatization
occurs when an individuals phenotype changes in response to changes in the environment, individuals genotype remains fixed, changes are not passed on to offspring, because no alleles have changed
42
what is the hardy weinberg principle
it predicts the genotype frequencies and allele frequencies in the next generation
43
what frequencies would be in the hardy weinberg equilibrium
if the frequencies conform to the predictions
44
what are the 5 assumptions about the behavior of populations and alleles that the hardy weinberg model is based on
random mating- no mate choice, gametes combine randomly; no natural selection - all individuals contribute equally to gene pool; no genetic drift - allels not picked by chance because assumes population is large; no gene flow - no new alleles added or lose from the gene pool; no mutation - no new allels introduced into gene pool
45
what is inbreeding
mating between relatives, most intensively studied form of nonrandom mating
46
what is the most extreme form of inbreeding
self fertilization or selfing (self-pollination in plants), happens when individuals have both male and female reproductive organs
47
what parents self fertilize
homozygous parents produce all homozygous offspring
48
what parents self ferilize produce homozygous and heterozygous offspring
heterzygous parents in a 1:2:1 ratio
49
in each generation inbreedin...
increases the frequency of homozygotes and reduces the frequency of heterozygotes, same outcomes occur more slowly with less extreme inbreeding
50
does inbreeding cause evolution
does not because allele frequencies do not change in the population as a whole
51
is nonrandom mating a evolutionary process
no because nonrandom mating changes genotype frequencies, not allele frequencies
52
when does natural selection occur
when heritable variation leads to differential survival and reproduction
53
why does natural selection violates an assumption of the hardy weinberg principle
individuals with certain phenotypes produce more surviving offspring than do individuals with other phenotypes, if certain alleles are associated with these flavored phenoypes, they increase in frequency while other alleles descrease in frequency
54
if the favored phenotype is associated with certain alleles,
those alleles increase in frequency, other alleles decrease in frequency, and the result is evolution
55
what is genetic variation
number and relative frequency of alleles that are present in a particular population
56
why is maintaining genetic variation important
selection can occur only if heritable variation exists in a population, lack of variation can make populations less able to respond successfully to changes in the environment, and their average fitness will decline
57
when does balancing selection occur
1. heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than homozygous individuals do, consequence is that selection on different alleles is balanced 2. certain alleles are favored at different times or in different places, although allele frequencies change locally, overall genetic variation in the population is maintained
58
what is directional selection
before selection: normal bell curve with normal in the middle and low and high on the edges after selection: the curve moves to the side but stays the same with the center and edges, change in average value
59
what is a stabilizing selection
before: low fitness on both edges with high fitness in the center after: the curve shrinks in itself, reduces in variation
60
what is disruptive selection
Before: high fitness of both edges with low fitness in the middle After: splits off between the center so makes 2 humps, increase in variation
61
What forms can sexual selection take
Intersexual and intrasexual
62
What is intersexual selection
Mate choice
63
What is intrasexual selection
Where individuals compete to obtain mates
64
What did the Bateman Trivers hypothesis observe
Pattern- traits that attract the opposite sex are more elaborate in males Process- eggs are more energetically costly to create than sperm
65
What is the fundamental asymmetry of sex
In most species females invest more in their offspring than do males
66
What are the 2 important consequences of the fundamental asymmetry of sex
Female fitness is limited by the ability to gain resources needed to produce more eggs and healthier offspring so females produce relatively few offspring during lifetime, male fitness is limited by the number of males he can mate with and he can mate frequently because sperm are so energetically inexpensive
67
What does the bateman trivers hypothesis predict
Females but not males should be choosy about males since they invest a lot in an egg and the opposite should be true for males, males will compete with each other for mates, alleles that increase a male’s attractiveness or success in male-male competition should increase in population, sexual selection should act more strongly on males than on females
68
What is sexual dimorphism
Amy trait that differs males and females of the same species ex: weaponry, ornamentation and behavior in courtship, body size
69
What is ecological or environmental selection
Other types of natural selection favor traits that help organisms survive in their environments
70
What is genetic drift
Any change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance,

BIO 1220 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions