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BIO 1220 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what were Charles Darwins idea of special creation

A

species are independent and unrelated, life on earth is about 6000 yrs old

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2
Q

what was platos thinking

A

every organism was a perfect being created by God and types were unchanging, people have purpose

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3
Q

what was aristoles thinking

A

organisms are ranked higher and lower with humans on top, lowest of the lower and highest of the higher, things change a little

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4
Q

what is the definition of evolution

A

populations of organisms that need to change over time, not just 1 individual

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5
Q

what are the differences between wallace and darwins thinking

A

wallace said species are independent and the planet is 6000 yrs old, species dont change and are special creations

darwin said evolution is going on for a long time and species do change

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6
Q

why does lamarcks theory not work

A

lamarck says a challenge develops something, the process doesnt work because diving doesnt mean gills and webbed feet, which cant be passed onto kids and offspring

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7
Q

what is platos thinking called

A

typological thinking

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8
Q

what was lamarck’s thinking

A

change a little by moving up the chain, made better species and progressive, better than the version before, never a mistake, change is for the best and can’t see it, progressing means traits from somewhere and inheritance of acquired characters

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9
Q

compare darwins and lamarck’s theories

A

larmarck: phenotype changes because of the environment, phenotypic changes passes onto offspring, changes are immediate

darwin: survival of the fittest and changes happen over generations

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10
Q

how did darwin describe evolution

A

descent with modification - change over time produced modern, modified species from ancestral species

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11
Q

whaat did darwin and wallace propose for change in a species through time

A

doesn’t follow a linear and progressive pattern, its based on variations among individuals in populations, individuals with certain traits produce more offspring than those without these traits

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12
Q

what is the definition of a population

A

individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

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13
Q

what kind of thinking was Darwins and Wallaces

A

population thinking

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14
Q

why does darwin and wallaces theory use population thinking

A

because variation among individuals was key

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15
Q

Why did Darwin and Wallaves theory revolutionary

A

overturned idea that species are static and unchanging, replaced typological thinking with population thinking, proposed a mechanism that could account for change through time, predictions could be tested through obeservation and experimentation

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16
Q

what did the theory of evolution by natural selection predict

A

species change through time and species are related by common ancestry

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17
Q

what are fossils

A

traces of organisms that lived in the past

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18
Q

what is a fossil record

A

fossils that have been found and described in scientific literature

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19
Q

what is a geologic time scale based on

A

fossils relative positions in layers of sedimentary rock

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20
Q

how is geologic time divided

A

eons , eras, periods, and epochs

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21
Q

what did darwin interpret extinction as evidence for

A

species are dynamic and species living on earth has changed

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22
Q

are extinction events rare and caused by something

A

no, extinction events are natural and can happen

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23
Q

what is the law of succession

A

fossil species are strikingly similar to living species in the same geographic areas

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24
Q

what did darwin interpret the law of succession pattern as evidence for

A

species changed throughout time and extinct and living forms were related and represented ancestors and descendants

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25
Q

what are transitional features

A

traits in a fossil species that are intermediate between ancestral and derived species

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26
Q

what is a vestigial trait

A

a reduced or incompletely devloped structure that has no or reduced function, clearly similar to functioning organs or structure in closely related species

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27
Q

how does lamarcks theory support bacterial being resistant to drugs

A

environment changed, over use of antibiotics, resistant ones survive

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28
Q

how does lamarcks theory support bacterial being resistant to drugs

A

environment changed, over use of antibiotics, resistant ones survive

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29
Q

what is a phylogenetic tree

A

diagram that illustrates the ancestor- descendant relationships among taxa

30
Q

what does homology mean

A

same across species, a similarity that exists in spcies descended from a common ancestor

31
Q

how can homology be recognized

A

genetic, developmental, structural

32
Q

what is genetic homology

A

similarity in dna nucleotide sequences, rna nucleotide sequences or amino acid sequences

33
Q

what is developmental homology

A

seen in embroyos of different species

34
Q

what is structural homology

A

similarity in adult morphology

35
Q

what do the genetic homologies cause

A

developmental homologies observed in embryos

36
Q

what do developmental homologies lead to

A

strucutral homologies recognized in adults

37
Q

what is speciation

A

process the results in one spcies splitting into two or more descendant spcies

38
Q

what are the four criteria of evolution by natural selection created by darwin

A
  1. individuals in a population vary in their traits, 2. some of these differences are heritable, 3. in each generation, many more offspring are produced than can survive, only some will survive long enough to reproduce and some will produce more offspring than others, 4. individuals with certain heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, natural selection occurs when individuals with certain traits produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits, the individuals are selected naturally by the environment
39
Q

what is biological fitness

A

ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile offspring relative to that ability in other individuals in the population

40
Q

what is the main point of natural selection

A

individuals dont change, only population does

41
Q

what is acclimiatization

A

occurs when an individuals phenotype changes in response to changes in the environment, individuals genotype remains fixed, changes are not passed on to offspring, because no alleles have changed

42
Q

what is the hardy weinberg principle

A

it predicts the genotype frequencies and allele frequencies in the next generation

43
Q

what frequencies would be in the hardy weinberg equilibrium

A

if the frequencies conform to the predictions

44
Q

what are the 5 assumptions about the behavior of populations and alleles that the hardy weinberg model is based on

A

random mating- no mate choice, gametes combine randomly; no natural selection - all individuals contribute equally to gene pool; no genetic drift - allels not picked by chance because assumes population is large; no gene flow - no new alleles added or lose from the gene pool; no mutation - no new allels introduced into gene pool

45
Q

what is inbreeding

A

mating between relatives, most intensively studied form of nonrandom mating

46
Q

what is the most extreme form of inbreeding

A

self fertilization or selfing (self-pollination in plants), happens when individuals have both male and female reproductive organs

47
Q

what parents self fertilize

A

homozygous parents produce all homozygous offspring

48
Q

what parents self ferilize produce homozygous and heterozygous offspring

A

heterzygous parents in a 1:2:1 ratio

49
Q

in each generation inbreedin…

A

increases the frequency of homozygotes and reduces the frequency of heterozygotes, same outcomes occur more slowly with less extreme inbreeding

50
Q

does inbreeding cause evolution

A

does not because allele frequencies do not change in the population as a whole

51
Q

is nonrandom mating a evolutionary process

A

no because nonrandom mating changes genotype frequencies, not allele frequencies

52
Q

when does natural selection occur

A

when heritable variation leads to differential survival and reproduction

53
Q

why does natural selection violates an assumption of the hardy weinberg principle

A

individuals with certain phenotypes produce more surviving offspring than do individuals with other phenotypes, if certain alleles are associated with these flavored phenoypes, they increase in frequency while other alleles descrease in frequency

54
Q

if the favored phenotype is associated with certain alleles,

A

those alleles increase in frequency, other alleles decrease in frequency, and the result is evolution

55
Q

what is genetic variation

A

number and relative frequency of alleles that are present in a particular population

56
Q

why is maintaining genetic variation important

A

selection can occur only if heritable variation exists in a population, lack of variation can make populations less able to respond successfully to changes in the environment, and their average fitness will decline

57
Q

when does balancing selection occur

A
  1. heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than homozygous individuals do, consequence is that selection on different alleles is balanced 2. certain alleles are favored at different times or in different places, although allele frequencies change locally, overall genetic variation in the population is maintained
58
Q

what is directional selection

A

before selection: normal bell curve with normal in the middle and low and high on the edges
after selection: the curve moves to the side but stays the same with the center and edges, change in average value

59
Q

what is a stabilizing selection

A

before: low fitness on both edges with high fitness in the center after: the curve shrinks in itself, reduces in variation

60
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

Before: high fitness of both edges with low fitness in the middle
After: splits off between the center so makes 2 humps, increase in variation

61
Q

What forms can sexual selection take

A

Intersexual and intrasexual

62
Q

What is intersexual selection

A

Mate choice

63
Q

What is intrasexual selection

A

Where individuals compete to obtain mates

64
Q

What did the Bateman Trivers hypothesis observe

A

Pattern- traits that attract the opposite sex are more elaborate in males
Process- eggs are more energetically costly to create than sperm

65
Q

What is the fundamental asymmetry of sex

A

In most species females invest more in their offspring than do males

66
Q

What are the 2 important consequences of the fundamental asymmetry of sex

A

Female fitness is limited by the ability to gain resources needed to produce more eggs and healthier offspring so females produce relatively few offspring during lifetime, male fitness is limited by the number of males he can mate with and he can mate frequently because sperm are so energetically inexpensive

67
Q

What does the bateman trivers hypothesis predict

A

Females but not males should be choosy about males since they invest a lot in an egg and the opposite should be true for males, males will compete with each other for mates, alleles that increase a male’s attractiveness or success in male-male competition should increase in population, sexual selection should act more strongly on males than on females

68
Q

What is sexual dimorphism

A

Amy trait that differs males and females of the same species ex: weaponry, ornamentation and behavior in courtship, body size

69
Q

What is ecological or environmental selection

A

Other types of natural selection favor traits that help organisms survive in their environments

70
Q

What is genetic drift

A

Any change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance,

BIO 1220 (6 decks)

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