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BIO 1220 > Chp 49, 52 > Flashcards

Chp 49, 52 Flashcards

1
Q

ecology

A

study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

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2
Q

5 levels of ecology

A
  1. organisms
  2. populations
    3.communities
  3. ecosystems
    5.biosphere
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3
Q

adaptations

A

heritable traits that increases fitness of an individual in a particular area

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4
Q

organismal ecologists study…

A

morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations

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5
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same area at the same time

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6
Q

what do population ecologists focus on

A

how the number and distribution of individuals in a population change over time

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7
Q

community

A

species that interact with one another within a particular area

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8
Q

community ecologists study

A

nature and consequences of interactions between species (predation, parasitism, competition, or how communities respond to disturbances liked fires and floods)

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9
Q

ecosystem

A

organisms in a particular region along with abiotic factors

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10
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving

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11
Q

ecosystem ecologists study

A

ho nutrients and energy move along organisms and into atmosphere and soil or water

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12
Q

biosphere

A

thin zone surrounding earth where life exists

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13
Q

global ecologists study

A

effects of human impacts biosphere

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14
Q

conservation biology

A

effort to study, preserve and restore threatened populations, communities and ecosystems

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15
Q

niche

A

range of conditions a species can tolerate and resources it can use, a product of abiotic and biotic factors that affect where a species lives

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16
Q

fitness trade off

A

evolutionary compromises between traits that can’t be used at the same time, limits environmental conditions where a species lives

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17
Q

dispersal

A

organism movement from place of origin to location where it lives and breeds as an adult

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18
Q

biogeography

A

study of how organisms are distributed geographically and through geologic time

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19
Q

invasive species

A

a species that is not native (exotic species) is introduced in a new area and spreads rapidly and eliminates native species

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20
Q

weather

A

short term atmospheric conditions of temperature precipitation, sunlight and wind

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21
Q

climate

A

long term weather conditions found in an area

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22
Q

why are the tropics warm and poles cold

A

warm areas receive large amount of sunlight per unit area, cold areas receive a small amount of sunlight, at the equator sunlight strikes the earth at an angle allowing the maximal amount of solar radiation, the earth slopes away from the equator to the poles and sunlight arrives at lower angles which lower the energy and heat

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23
Q

what areas receieve more moisture on earth

A

places along the equator

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24
Q

hadley cell

A

air is heated by the sunlight along the equator expands and rises, warm air holds a lot of moisture because warm water molecules tend to stay in vapor form, as air rises above the equator it cools and is less able to hold water, producing rain

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25
coriolis effect
causes air and water to be deflected from this path and into a clockwise pattern in the northern hemisphere and a counterclockwise pattern in the southern hemisphere, accounts for different directions of winds and ocean currents at different latitudes
26
seasons in northern and southern hemisphere
june - northern hemisphere tilted toward sun so summer, southern hemisphere's winter december - summer in southern hemisphere and winter in the northern hemisphere march and september - equator faces sun most directly so tropics get most solar radiation no tilt = no seasons
27
rainshadow
moist air blows up a mountain range and cools and loses ability to hold water so it makes rain, cool dry air then passes the mountain and that means that that area gets little rain
28
specific heat
capacity for storing heat energy water absorbs atmospheric heat in summer and releases it during the winter, coastal areas have more moderate climates so gyres (massive ocean currents) bring warm water to colder latitudes
29
biomes
regions characterized by distinct abiotic characteristics and dominant vegetation types
30
each terrestrial environment is determined by
climate - temperature, moisture, sunlight and wind
31
nature of the biome that develops in a region is defined by
average annual temperature and precipitation annual variation in temperature and precipitation
32
net primary productivity
total amount of biomass generated by the carbon that is fixed per year minus the amount oxidized during cellular respiration; influenced by temperature and moisture; represents organic matter available as food
33
biomass
total mass of organisms
34
aboveground biomass
total mass of living plants except roots, often used to estimate NPP
35
what tools do biologists use to study climate change
1. simulation studies - based on computer models of weather patterns in local regions 2. observational studies are based on long term monitoring at fixed sites around the globe 3. historical studies examine factors related to events that occurred millions of years ago 4. experiments are designed to simulate changed climate conditions and to record organisms responses
36
4 abiotic factors that distinguish streams from oceans
salinity, water depth, water flow, nutrient availability
37
salinity
proportion of solutes dissolved in water thats measured in parts per thousand solutes with positive charge like sodium, potassium, magnesium and negatively charged ions like chlorine, bromine and fluorine to form salts major determinant of species distribution because species adapted to specific ranges of salinity
38
intertidal zone
submerged at high tide, exposed at low tide
39
neritic zone
from intertidal zone to 200 m defined by continental shelf (gently sloping submerged portion of a continental plate), where coral reefs can be found
40
oceanic zone
open ocean, deepwater region beyond continental shelf
41
benthic zone
bottom of the ocean at all depths
42
photic zone
regions that are sunlit, include intertidal and portions of the neritic oceanic and benthic zones
43
aphotic zone
areas that dont receive sunlight
44
littoral (seashore) zone
shallow water along shore, where plants can take root
45
limnetic (lake) zone
offshore and has water that gets enough light to photosynthesize but too deep for plants to take root
46
turbidity
cloudiness of water that is important to determine light penetration
47
water flow
affects availability of oxygen, light and nutrients
48
3 types of water flow that provides nutrients
coastal runoff, ocean upwelling, lake turnover
49
estuaries
freshwater rivers meet ocean, nutrients and sunlight is plentiful
50
coastal runoff
water rushes down mountains and streams and gets bigger so nutrients gather sink and collect as debris
51
ocean upwelling
nutrients that have fallen into the benthic region that are brought to the surface by currents that cause upwellings, as surface water moves away from the coast, its replaced by nutrient rich water moving up from the ocean bottom
52
lake turnover
glacially formed lakes undergo spring and fall turnovers in response to air temperature changes in winter and summer, the temperature varies along a gradient called a THERMOCLINE winter - surface water is colder but higher in oxygen, water at bottom is warmer, denser, higher in nutrients spring - lake melts surface warms, becomes denser and sinks, water at bottom displaced, so comes to top with nutrients and sediment rapid increase of photosynthetic organisms
53
direct and indirect changes humans have caused to biomes
wetlands drained or filled, streams dammed, water removed, invasive species, fisheries overexploited
54
biological community
all the populations of interacting species living within a defined area
55
fitness benefit
positive
56
fitness cost
negative
57
no effect on fitness
0
58
commensalism
+/0 gain a fitness advantage but don't affect the species they depend on
59
competition
-/- lowers the fitness of both individuals involved uses resources
60
intraspecific competition
members of the same species, intensifies population's density increases
61
consumption
+/-
62
mutualism
+/+ benefit both species doesnt mean individual are being nice benefits a by product of each individual
63
interspecific competition
members of different species use same limiting resources
64
3 kinds of consumption
predation, herbivory, parasitism
65
constitutive or standing defenses
defenses that are always present and include cryptic coloration and object resemblance, escape behavior, toxins and other chemicals, schooling and flocking, defense armor and weapons
66
cryptic coloration and object resemblance
resemblance to a leaf enables this grasshopper to escape detection
67
escape behavior
prey may have adaptations to detect predators and run, fly, jump, swim away
68
toxins and other defense chemicals
prey may have tissues laced with toxic compounds, advertise their toxicity with warning coloration
69
schooling/ flocking
predators can become confused by groups of prey
70
defense armor and weapons
prey may have sharp thorns, protective shells or other defense structures
71
mimicry
resemblance of one species to another
72
Batesian mimicry
nontoxic prey species resemble dangerous prey species, the mimic benefits from the unpalatable species
73
mullerian mimicry
when 2 harmful prey species resemble each other and both species benefit
74
community structure 4 attributes
1. total number of species 2. sum of interactions among all species 3. relative abundance of those species 4. physical attributes of community like biotic and abiotic factors
75
species richness
number of species present in given community
76
species diversity
weighted measure that incorporates a species relative abundance
77
food chain
multiple consumption interactions
78
food web
multiple food chains
79
bottom up control
abiotic factors such as amount of nutrients, sunlight or water determine the abundance of primary producers species at the bottom can have a major effect on community structure
80
ecosystem engineers
provide physical structure that is habitat for many species
81
top down control
presence of consumers affecting the species like how a consumer limits a prey population
82
trophic cascade
changes in top down control cause effects 2 or 3 links away in a food web
83
disturbance
any strong short lived disruption to a community that changes the distribution of living or nonliving
84
disturbance's impact function of 3 factors
1. type of disturbance 2. frequency of disturbance 3. severity of disturbance
85
disturbance regime
when communities experience a characteristic type of disturbance that occurs with predictable frequency and severity
86
succession
recovery that follows a severe disturbance
87
primary succession
when a disturbance removes soil and its organisms and organisms that live above the soil surface
88
secondary succession
disturbance removes some or all of the organisms from an area but leaves the soil intact including seeds and microorganisms within
89
pioneering species
first organisms to arrive at a newly disturbed site and tend to be weedy
90
facilitation
occurs when early arriving species make conditions more favorable for the arrival of certain later species
91
tolerance
existing species doesnt affect the probability that subsequent species will become established
92
inhibition
occurs when the presence of one species inhibits the establishment or regrowth of another
93
succession
affected by the weather or climate conditions that occur during the process variation in weather and climate causes different successional pathways to occur in the same place at different times

BIO 1220 (6 decks)

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