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BIO 1220 > Chp 49, 52 > Flashcards

Chp 49, 52 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecology

A

study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

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2
Q

5 levels of ecology

A
  1. organisms
  2. populations
    3.communities
  3. ecosystems
    5.biosphere
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3
Q

adaptations

A

heritable traits that increases fitness of an individual in a particular area

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4
Q

organismal ecologists study…

A

morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations

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5
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same area at the same time

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6
Q

what do population ecologists focus on

A

how the number and distribution of individuals in a population change over time

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7
Q

community

A

species that interact with one another within a particular area

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8
Q

community ecologists study

A

nature and consequences of interactions between species (predation, parasitism, competition, or how communities respond to disturbances liked fires and floods)

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9
Q

ecosystem

A

organisms in a particular region along with abiotic factors

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10
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving

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11
Q

ecosystem ecologists study

A

ho nutrients and energy move along organisms and into atmosphere and soil or water

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12
Q

biosphere

A

thin zone surrounding earth where life exists

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13
Q

global ecologists study

A

effects of human impacts biosphere

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14
Q

conservation biology

A

effort to study, preserve and restore threatened populations, communities and ecosystems

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15
Q

niche

A

range of conditions a species can tolerate and resources it can use, a product of abiotic and biotic factors that affect where a species lives

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16
Q

fitness trade off

A

evolutionary compromises between traits that can’t be used at the same time, limits environmental conditions where a species lives

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17
Q

dispersal

A

organism movement from place of origin to location where it lives and breeds as an adult

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18
Q

biogeography

A

study of how organisms are distributed geographically and through geologic time

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19
Q

invasive species

A

a species that is not native (exotic species) is introduced in a new area and spreads rapidly and eliminates native species

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20
Q

weather

A

short term atmospheric conditions of temperature precipitation, sunlight and wind

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21
Q

climate

A

long term weather conditions found in an area

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22
Q

why are the tropics warm and poles cold

A

warm areas receive large amount of sunlight per unit area, cold areas receive a small amount of sunlight, at the equator sunlight strikes the earth at an angle allowing the maximal amount of solar radiation, the earth slopes away from the equator to the poles and sunlight arrives at lower angles which lower the energy and heat

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23
Q

what areas receieve more moisture on earth

A

places along the equator

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24
Q

hadley cell

A

air is heated by the sunlight along the equator expands and rises, warm air holds a lot of moisture because warm water molecules tend to stay in vapor form, as air rises above the equator it cools and is less able to hold water, producing rain

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25
Q

coriolis effect

A

causes air and water to be deflected from this path and into a clockwise pattern in the northern hemisphere and a counterclockwise pattern in the southern hemisphere, accounts for different directions of winds and ocean currents at different latitudes

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26
Q

seasons in northern and southern hemisphere

A

june - northern hemisphere tilted toward sun so summer, southern hemisphere’s winter
december - summer in southern hemisphere and winter in the northern hemisphere
march and september - equator faces sun most directly so tropics get most solar radiation
no tilt = no seasons

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27
Q

rainshadow

A

moist air blows up a mountain range and cools and loses ability to hold water so it makes rain, cool dry air then passes the mountain and that means that that area gets little rain

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28
Q

specific heat

A

capacity for storing heat energy
water absorbs atmospheric heat in summer and releases it during the winter, coastal areas have more moderate climates so gyres (massive ocean currents) bring warm water to colder latitudes

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29
Q

biomes

A

regions characterized by distinct abiotic characteristics and dominant vegetation types

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30
Q

each terrestrial environment is determined by

A

climate - temperature, moisture, sunlight and wind

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31
Q

nature of the biome that develops in a region is defined by

A

average annual temperature and precipitation
annual variation in temperature and precipitation

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32
Q

net primary productivity

A

total amount of biomass generated by the carbon that is fixed per year minus the amount oxidized during cellular respiration; influenced by temperature and moisture; represents organic matter available as food

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33
Q

biomass

A

total mass of organisms

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34
Q

aboveground biomass

A

total mass of living plants except roots, often used to estimate NPP

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35
Q

what tools do biologists use to study climate change

A
  1. simulation studies - based on computer models of weather patterns in local regions
  2. observational studies are based on long term monitoring at fixed sites around the globe
  3. historical studies examine factors related to events that occurred millions of years ago
  4. experiments are designed to simulate changed climate conditions and to record organisms responses
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36
Q

4 abiotic factors that distinguish streams from oceans

A

salinity, water depth, water flow, nutrient availability

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37
Q

salinity

A

proportion of solutes dissolved in water thats measured in parts per thousand
solutes with positive charge like sodium, potassium, magnesium and negatively charged ions like chlorine, bromine and fluorine to form salts
major determinant of species distribution because species adapted to specific ranges of salinity

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38
Q

intertidal zone

A

submerged at high tide, exposed at low tide

39
Q

neritic zone

A

from intertidal zone to 200 m defined by continental shelf (gently sloping submerged portion of a continental plate), where coral reefs can be found

40
Q

oceanic zone

A

open ocean, deepwater region beyond continental shelf

41
Q

benthic zone

A

bottom of the ocean at all depths

42
Q

photic zone

A

regions that are sunlit, include intertidal and portions of the neritic oceanic and benthic zones

43
Q

aphotic zone

A

areas that dont receive sunlight

44
Q

littoral (seashore) zone

A

shallow water along shore, where plants can take root

45
Q

limnetic (lake) zone

A

offshore and has water that gets enough light to photosynthesize but too deep for plants to take root

46
Q

turbidity

A

cloudiness of water that is important to determine light penetration

47
Q

water flow

A

affects availability of oxygen, light and nutrients

48
Q

3 types of water flow that provides nutrients

A

coastal runoff, ocean upwelling, lake turnover

49
Q

estuaries

A

freshwater rivers meet ocean, nutrients and sunlight is plentiful

50
Q

coastal runoff

A

water rushes down mountains and streams and gets bigger so nutrients gather sink and collect as debris

51
Q

ocean upwelling

A

nutrients that have fallen into the benthic region that are brought to the surface by currents that cause upwellings, as surface water moves away from the coast, its replaced by nutrient rich water moving up from the ocean bottom

52
Q

lake turnover

A

glacially formed lakes undergo spring and fall turnovers in response to air temperature changes
in winter and summer, the temperature varies along a gradient called a THERMOCLINE
winter - surface water is colder but higher in oxygen, water at bottom is warmer, denser, higher in nutrients
spring - lake melts surface warms, becomes denser and sinks, water at bottom displaced, so comes to top with nutrients and sediment
rapid increase of photosynthetic organisms

53
Q

direct and indirect changes humans have caused to biomes

A

wetlands drained or filled, streams dammed, water removed, invasive species, fisheries overexploited

54
Q

biological community

A

all the populations of interacting species living within a defined area

55
Q

fitness benefit

A

positive

56
Q

fitness cost

A

negative

57
Q

no effect on fitness

A

0

58
Q

commensalism

A

+/0
gain a fitness advantage but don’t affect the species they depend on

59
Q

competition

A

-/-
lowers the fitness of both individuals involved
uses resources

60
Q

intraspecific competition

A

members of the same species, intensifies population’s density increases

61
Q

consumption

A

+/-

62
Q

mutualism

A

+/+
benefit both species
doesnt mean individual are being nice
benefits a by product of each individual

63
Q

interspecific competition

A

members of different species use same limiting resources

64
Q

3 kinds of consumption

A

predation, herbivory, parasitism

65
Q

constitutive or standing defenses

A

defenses that are always present and include cryptic coloration and object resemblance, escape behavior, toxins and other chemicals, schooling and flocking, defense armor and weapons

66
Q

cryptic coloration and object resemblance

A

resemblance to a leaf enables this grasshopper to escape detection

67
Q

escape behavior

A

prey may have adaptations to detect predators and run, fly, jump, swim away

68
Q

toxins and other defense chemicals

A

prey may have tissues laced with toxic compounds, advertise their toxicity with warning coloration

69
Q

schooling/ flocking

A

predators can become confused by groups of prey

70
Q

defense armor and weapons

A

prey may have sharp thorns, protective shells or other defense structures

71
Q

mimicry

A

resemblance of one species to another

72
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

nontoxic prey species resemble dangerous prey species, the mimic benefits from the unpalatable species

73
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

when 2 harmful prey species resemble each other and both species benefit

74
Q

community structure 4 attributes

A
  1. total number of species
  2. sum of interactions among all species
  3. relative abundance of those species
  4. physical attributes of community like biotic and abiotic factors
75
Q

species richness

A

number of species present in given community

76
Q

species diversity

A

weighted measure that incorporates a species relative abundance

77
Q

food chain

A

multiple consumption interactions

78
Q

food web

A

multiple food chains

79
Q

bottom up control

A

abiotic factors such as amount of nutrients, sunlight or water determine the abundance of primary producers
species at the bottom can have a major effect on community structure

80
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

provide physical structure that is habitat for many species

81
Q

top down control

A

presence of consumers affecting the species like how a consumer limits a prey population

82
Q

trophic cascade

A

changes in top down control cause effects 2 or 3 links away in a food web

83
Q

disturbance

A

any strong short lived disruption to a community that changes the distribution of living or nonliving

84
Q

disturbance’s impact function of 3 factors

A
  1. type of disturbance
  2. frequency of disturbance
  3. severity of disturbance
85
Q

disturbance regime

A

when communities experience a characteristic type of disturbance that occurs with predictable frequency and severity

86
Q

succession

A

recovery that follows a severe disturbance

87
Q

primary succession

A

when a disturbance removes soil and its organisms and organisms that live above the soil surface

88
Q

secondary succession

A

disturbance removes some or all of the organisms from an area but leaves the soil intact including seeds and microorganisms within

89
Q

pioneering species

A

first organisms to arrive at a newly disturbed site and tend to be weedy

90
Q

facilitation

A

occurs when early arriving species make conditions more favorable for the arrival of certain later species

91
Q

tolerance

A

existing species doesnt affect the probability that subsequent species will become established

92
Q

inhibition

A

occurs when the presence of one species inhibits the establishment or regrowth of another

93
Q

succession

A

affected by the weather or climate conditions that occur during the process
variation in weather and climate causes different successional pathways to occur in the same place at different times

BIO 1220 (6 decks)

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