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Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an autotrophic organism?

A

An organism that produces its own energy.

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2
Q

What forms of autotrophic energy production are there?

A

Photosynthesis, Chemosynthesis

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3
Q

What does photosynthesis turn into energy?

A

Light

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4
Q

What does chemosynthesis turn into energy?

A

Chemical compounds

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5
Q

What organisms can perform photosynthesis?

A

Plants, cyanobacteria, algae

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6
Q

What organisms can perform chemosynthesis?

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

What causes plants green color?

A

Chloroplasts

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8
Q

What do chlorophyll do?

A

They catch the sun’s energy

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9
Q

What do chloroplast do?

A

Photosynthesis

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10
Q

What is used in photosynthesis?

A

Co2, H2O, Sunlight

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11
Q

What is the result of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and O2

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12
Q

From where does Co2 enter the plant?

A

The stamata

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13
Q

What is the stamata?

A

The bottom of a leaf

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14
Q

What is photosynthesis’ formula?

A

6Co2 + 6H2O =sunlight= C6H12O6 + 6O2

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15
Q

What is C6H12O6?

A

Glucose

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16
Q

What is thylakoid?

A

Light dependent stage in photosynthesis, breaks down H2O

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17
Q

What is Stroma?

A

Stage of photosynthesis that with energy from breaking down H2O it makes glucose

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18
Q

What is used in chemosynthesis?

A

Hydrogen sulfide, water, dissolved carbon dioxide

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19
Q

For chemosynthesis, from where is hydrogen sulfide obtained?

A

Hydrothermal vents

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20
Q

Name one animal that performs chemosynthesis

A

Mussets

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21
Q

What formula is used in chemosynthesis?

A

6Co2 + 6H2O + H2S == C6H12O6 + 3H2Co4

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22
Q

What is 3H2Co4?

A

Sulfur compounds

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23
Q

What is predation?

A

When one animal is the prey of another

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24
Q

What is competition? (Ecological relationships)

A

When one predator has to compete with another for prey

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25
Q

What is a symbiotic relation?

A

Ecological relationships in which animals benefit from another animal

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26
Q

What is paratism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where one animal lives through the other and the other is harmed

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27
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where both animals benefit

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28
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where one animal benefits and one remains neutral

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29
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

The system that allows you to talk and smell

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30
Q

What does the respiratory system do to air?

A

It warms it to match your body’s temperature and moisturizes.

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31
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

The endpoint of the respiratory system. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

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32
Q

What are the types of respiration?

A

External, internal, cellular

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33
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Normal breathing (Inhalation and exhalation)

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34
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The gas exchange between the bloodstream and the alveoli

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35
Q

How can cellular respiration be performed?

A

Aerobic(lly) and anaerobic(lly)

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36
Q

How does aerobic respiration work?

A

Glycolysis (From cytoplasm) + Krebs cycle (Mitochondrion) + Electron transport chain (Mitochondrion) == 38 atps

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37
Q

What are the components of cigarettes?

A

Tobacco, chemical additives, a filter, paper wrapping, nicotine

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38
Q

What is addictive in cigarettes?

A

Nicotine

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39
Q

What are the two most popular forms of tobacco consumption?

A

Cigars and cigarettes

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40
Q

In how much time does nicotine reach the brain?

A

8 to 10 seconds

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41
Q

What does nicotine do?

A

It stimulates adrenaline production, and stimulates the reward system so dopamine is released

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42
Q

How many levels are there in the air quality index?

A

6

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43
Q

Air quality index: Good

A

0 - 50, 0 - 12, Everything’s fine

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44
Q

Air quality index: Moderate

A

51 - 100, 12.1 - 35.4, Sensitive people at risk

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45
Q

Air quality index: Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

A

101 - 150, 35.5 - 55.4, Sensitive groups may experience health effects

46
Q

Air quality index: Unhealthy

A

151 - 200, 55.5 - 150.4, General public at risk of health effects

47
Q

Air quality index: Very Unhealty

A

201 - 300, 150.5 - 250.4, Noticeable effects for everyone

48
Q

Air quality index: Hazardous

A

301+, 250.5+, Health warning of emergency conditions, no going outside

49
Q

What does the male reproductive system do?

A

It produces, transports and maintains sperm and semen

50
Q

What is semen?

A

A protective fluid

51
Q

What sexual hormones does the male reproductive system produce?

A

Testosterone

52
Q

What does the epididymis do?

A

It matures sperm

53
Q

What is circumsicion?

A

The cutting of the foreskin

54
Q

What does the scrotum do?

A

It protects the testicles and controls its climate

55
Q

What external organs are there in the female reproductive system?

A

Labium minora/majora, clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal opening, breasts

56
Q

What internal organs are there in the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, endometrium, myometrium, vagina

57
Q

What does the labium minora do?

A

Protects the opening, it’s the inside

58
Q

What does the labium majora do?

A

Protects the opening, it’s the outside

59
Q

What does the clitoris do?

A

Sexual pleasure

60
Q

What does the urethral opening do?

A

Peeing

61
Q

What does the vaginal opening do?

A

Reproduction

62
Q

What are the parts of the breasts?

A

Glands, fat

63
Q

What do the breast’s glands do?

A

Produce milk

64
Q

What do the breast’s fat do?

A

Control temperature

65
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Mature egg cells and produces hormones

66
Q

What hormones are part of the female reproductive system?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

67
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The covering inside the uterus, eggs stick to it for reproduction

68
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

Muscle used for contractions in childbirth

69
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Tube entering the uterus

70
Q

What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicle stimulant hormone, estrogen, luteinising hormone, progesterone

71
Q

Where are egg cells located?

A

Inside follicles

72
Q

What do follicles act as?

A

An incubator

73
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal, menstruation

74
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A

Follicles grow and an egg cell is prepared

75
Q

What happens in ovulation?

A

The biggest follicle breaks and its egg cell goes through the fallopian tube

76
Q

What happens in luteal?

A

The broken follicle produces progesterone in order to prepare for a fertilized egg. If no egg sticks them the thickening bleeds out.

77
Q

What happens in menstruation?

A

Bleeding. Lasts around 6 days

78
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

79
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

80
Q

What is DNA? (Strands)

A

Double stranded

81
Q

What is RNA? (Strands)

A

Single stranded

82
Q

What are DNA and RNA made of?

A

Sugar and phosphate

83
Q

What sugar is present in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

84
Q

What sugar is present in RNA?

A

Ribose

85
Q

What nucleobases are there?

A

Thymine, cytosine, guanine, adenine, urasil

86
Q

What nucleobase pairs are there?

A

Cytosine and guanine, thymine and adenine (DNA), adenine and uracil (RNA)

87
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

Inside the nucleus

88
Q

What makes up the border of DNA?

A

Phosphate and sugar

89
Q

What makes up the middle of DNA?

A

Nucleobases

90
Q

What types are there of RNA?

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

91
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Takes info to the ribosome which can read it

92
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Makes up the ribosomes

93
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Transfers amino acids

94
Q

Who proposed modern cell theory?

A

Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schiwann

95
Q

What statements does modern cell theory do?

A
  1. The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms. 2. All living things are made of cells. 3. All cells come from other pre-existing cells
96
Q

In what stages can cells be?

A

Interphase and mitosis

97
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Cells copy innards in preparation for mitosis

98
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

The cell divides

99
Q

What sections are the in the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

100
Q

What shape are chromosomes in bacteria?

A

Circular

101
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

Chromatin and centromere

102
Q

How are chromatins structured?

A

With histones (proteins) and DNA wrapped around one another

103
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

104
Q

How are chromosomes arranged together?

A

In pairs because of similar traits

105
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that encodes a trait

106
Q

What are alleles?

A

The different forms or variants of a gene

107
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

The sum of an organisms active traits

108
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The combination of alleles that an organism has

109
Q

What is the main characteristic of mitosis?

A

Creating identical cells

110
Q

What phases does mitosis have?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

111
Q

Where does meiosis happen?

A

In reproductive cells

Science (5 decks)

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