Exam 3 Flashcards
What is an autotrophic organism?
An organism that produces its own energy.
What forms of autotrophic energy production are there?
Photosynthesis, Chemosynthesis
What does photosynthesis turn into energy?
Light
What does chemosynthesis turn into energy?
Chemical compounds
What organisms can perform photosynthesis?
Plants, cyanobacteria, algae
What organisms can perform chemosynthesis?
Bacteria
What causes plants green color?
Chloroplasts
What do chlorophyll do?
They catch the sun’s energy
What do chloroplast do?
Photosynthesis
What is used in photosynthesis?
Co2, H2O, Sunlight
What is the result of photosynthesis?
Glucose and O2
From where does Co2 enter the plant?
The stamata
What is the stamata?
The bottom of a leaf
What is photosynthesis’ formula?
6Co2 + 6H2O =sunlight= C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is C6H12O6?
Glucose
What is thylakoid?
Light dependent stage in photosynthesis, breaks down H2O
What is Stroma?
Stage of photosynthesis that with energy from breaking down H2O it makes glucose
What is used in chemosynthesis?
Hydrogen sulfide, water, dissolved carbon dioxide
For chemosynthesis, from where is hydrogen sulfide obtained?
Hydrothermal vents
Name one animal that performs chemosynthesis
Mussets
What formula is used in chemosynthesis?
6Co2 + 6H2O + H2S == C6H12O6 + 3H2Co4
What is 3H2Co4?
Sulfur compounds
What is predation?
When one animal is the prey of another
What is competition? (Ecological relationships)
When one predator has to compete with another for prey
What is a symbiotic relation?
Ecological relationships in which animals benefit from another animal
What is paratism?
A symbiotic relationship where one animal lives through the other and the other is harmed
What is mutualism?
A symbiotic relationship where both animals benefit
What is commensalism?
A symbiotic relationship where one animal benefits and one remains neutral
What is the respiratory system?
The system that allows you to talk and smell
What does the respiratory system do to air?
It warms it to match your body’s temperature and moisturizes.
What is the alveoli?
The endpoint of the respiratory system. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream
What are the types of respiration?
External, internal, cellular
What is external respiration?
Normal breathing (Inhalation and exhalation)
What is internal respiration?
The gas exchange between the bloodstream and the alveoli
How can cellular respiration be performed?
Aerobic(lly) and anaerobic(lly)
How does aerobic respiration work?
Glycolysis (From cytoplasm) + Krebs cycle (Mitochondrion) + Electron transport chain (Mitochondrion) == 38 atps
What are the components of cigarettes?
Tobacco, chemical additives, a filter, paper wrapping, nicotine
What is addictive in cigarettes?
Nicotine
What are the two most popular forms of tobacco consumption?
Cigars and cigarettes
In how much time does nicotine reach the brain?
8 to 10 seconds
What does nicotine do?
It stimulates adrenaline production, and stimulates the reward system so dopamine is released
How many levels are there in the air quality index?
6
Air quality index: Good
0 - 50, 0 - 12, Everything’s fine
Air quality index: Moderate
51 - 100, 12.1 - 35.4, Sensitive people at risk
Air quality index: Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
101 - 150, 35.5 - 55.4, Sensitive groups may experience health effects
Air quality index: Unhealthy
151 - 200, 55.5 - 150.4, General public at risk of health effects
Air quality index: Very Unhealty
201 - 300, 150.5 - 250.4, Noticeable effects for everyone
Air quality index: Hazardous
301+, 250.5+, Health warning of emergency conditions, no going outside
What does the male reproductive system do?
It produces, transports and maintains sperm and semen
What is semen?
A protective fluid
What sexual hormones does the male reproductive system produce?
Testosterone
What does the epididymis do?
It matures sperm
What is circumsicion?
The cutting of the foreskin
What does the scrotum do?
It protects the testicles and controls its climate
What external organs are there in the female reproductive system?
Labium minora/majora, clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal opening, breasts
What internal organs are there in the female reproductive system?
Ovaries, endometrium, myometrium, vagina
What does the labium minora do?
Protects the opening, it’s the inside
What does the labium majora do?
Protects the opening, it’s the outside
What does the clitoris do?
Sexual pleasure
What does the urethral opening do?
Peeing
What does the vaginal opening do?
Reproduction
What are the parts of the breasts?
Glands, fat
What do the breast’s glands do?
Produce milk
What do the breast’s fat do?
Control temperature
What do the ovaries do?
Mature egg cells and produces hormones
What hormones are part of the female reproductive system?
Estrogen and Progesterone
What is the endometrium?
The covering inside the uterus, eggs stick to it for reproduction
What is the myometrium?
Muscle used for contractions in childbirth
What is the vagina?
Tube entering the uterus
What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?
Follicle stimulant hormone, estrogen, luteinising hormone, progesterone
Where are egg cells located?
Inside follicles
What do follicles act as?
An incubator
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal, menstruation
What happens in the follicular phase?
Follicles grow and an egg cell is prepared
What happens in ovulation?
The biggest follicle breaks and its egg cell goes through the fallopian tube
What happens in luteal?
The broken follicle produces progesterone in order to prepare for a fertilized egg. If no egg sticks them the thickening bleeds out.
What happens in menstruation?
Bleeding. Lasts around 6 days
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
What is DNA? (Strands)
Double stranded
What is RNA? (Strands)
Single stranded
What are DNA and RNA made of?
Sugar and phosphate
What sugar is present in DNA?
Deoxyribose
What sugar is present in RNA?
Ribose
What nucleobases are there?
Thymine, cytosine, guanine, adenine, urasil
What nucleobase pairs are there?
Cytosine and guanine, thymine and adenine (DNA), adenine and uracil (RNA)
Where is DNA located?
Inside the nucleus
What makes up the border of DNA?
Phosphate and sugar
What makes up the middle of DNA?
Nucleobases
What types are there of RNA?
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
What does mRNA do?
Takes info to the ribosome which can read it
What does rRNA do?
Makes up the ribosomes
What does tRNA do?
Transfers amino acids
Who proposed modern cell theory?
Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schiwann
What statements does modern cell theory do?
- The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms. 2. All living things are made of cells. 3. All cells come from other pre-existing cells
In what stages can cells be?
Interphase and mitosis
What happens in interphase?
Cells copy innards in preparation for mitosis
What happens in mitosis?
The cell divides
What sections are the in the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
What shape are chromosomes in bacteria?
Circular
What are chromosomes made of?
Chromatin and centromere
How are chromatins structured?
With histones (proteins) and DNA wrapped around one another
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
How are chromosomes arranged together?
In pairs because of similar traits
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that encodes a trait
What are alleles?
The different forms or variants of a gene
What is the phenotype?
The sum of an organisms active traits
What is the genotype?
The combination of alleles that an organism has
What is the main characteristic of mitosis?
Creating identical cells
What phases does mitosis have?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
Where does meiosis happen?
In reproductive cells
