Exam Flashcards
What are the levels of organisation?
Atoms, Bioelements, Biomolecules, Cells, Tissue, Organs, Systems
From most to least, Bioelements.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur.
What Biomolecules are there?
Carbohydrates, Lipids/Fats, Proteins, Nucleic Acids/DNA
What types of Cells are there?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.
What types of tissue are there?
Nervous tissue, Muscle tissue, Conjunctive tissue (joints), Epithetical tissue.
What are the characteristics of living things?
Nutrition, Respiration, Movement, Excretion, Growth, Reproduction, Sensitivity.
What is nutrition?
Taking materials for growth and energy.
What is Respiration?
Releasing energy from food.
What is movement?
To be able to change positions.
What is excretion?
The removal of toxic materials.
What is growth?
To produce new cells.
What is reproduction?
To produce offspring.
What is sensitivity?
Being able to sense and respond to stimuli.
What is biodiversity?
The variety of things in a specific location.
What are the types of biodiversity?
Species, Ecosystem, Genetic.
What is a mega diverse country?
A country with more than 70% of all biodiversity.
What makes weather?
Temperature, Wind, Humidity, Precipitation.
What is an endemic species?
A species that only lives in one location.
How many organelles does a prokaryotic cell have?
Nine.
What are the organelles of a prokaryotic cell?
Plasma membrane, Cell Wall, Capsule, Ribosomes, Pilus, Flagellum, Cytoplasm, Nucleoid, Plasmid.
[Prokaryotic] What is the plasma membrane?
An outer covering that separates the cells interior from it’s surrounding environment. It allows entrance to the cell.
[Prokaryotic] What is the cell wall?
A wall that provides an extra layer of protection to the cell. It maintains the shape and prevents dehydration.
[Prokaryotic] What is the capsule?
For bacteria that make us sick, it is a defence mechanism against our immune system.
[Prokaryotic] What are ribosomes?
Little balls that synthesise (create) proteins.
[Prokaryotic] What are the pilus?
Little hairs that help the cell attach to surfaces.
[Prokaryotic] What is the flagellum?
The sort of tail that acts as a rotatory motor to help the cell move.
[Prokaryotic] What is cytoplasm?
A gel-like fluid inside the cell that’s a medium for chemical reactions and provides a platform upon which organelles can operate.
[Prokaryotic] What is the nucleoid?
DNA all together in little rings.
[Prokaryotic] What is the plasmid?
For bacteria that make us sick, it passes traits the cell has acquired to other cells.
How many organelles are there in a plant cell?
Thirteen.
How many organelles are there in an animal cell?
Eleven.
[Eukaryotic] What is the nucleus?
It contains genetic material/DNA of the cell.
[Eukaryotic] What is the nucleolus?
It’s inside the nucleus. It synthesises ribosomes.
[Eukaryotic] What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth: Synthesises lipids.
Rough: Has ribosomes attached to it. Synthesises proteins.
[Eukaryotic] What is the Golgi apparatus?
It packages proteins into vesicles for excretion.
[Eukaryotic] What is the Mitochondrion?
It is the powerhouse of the cell. It produces ATP-energy of the cell. Cellular respiration.
[Eukaryotic] What is Cytoplasm?
Cytosol: Gel-like fluid.
Cytoskeleton: Provides internal support of the cell. Participates in the transportation of substances with tubes.
[Eukaryotic] What is the vacuole?
Storage of nutrients and water.
Plants: One big vacuole.
Animals: Two or more small vacuoles.
[Eukaryotic] What is the chloroplast?
It performs photosynthesis (6 CO2 + 6 H2O =with sunlight= C6 H12 O6/glucose)
Only in plant cells.
[Eukaryotic] What is the cell wall?
Protection and support to the cell and avoids dehydration. Plants use cellulose to form their cell wall. Fungi use Chitin.
Only in plant cells.
[Eukaryotic] What is the lysosome?
Eliminates unwanted material and waste.
[Eukaryotic] What is the peroxisome?
Plants: They participate in growth and stomatal opening.
Animals: They participate in detoxification.
[Eukaryotic] What is the plasma membrane?
It transports things in and out of the cell. Passive transport and Active transport. Made of phospholipids. Two layers.
Passive: Without atp.
Active: With atp.
[Eukaryotic] What is osmosis?
Motion of water, to have equilibrium.
What is ATP?
Cell energy.
