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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the parts of metabolism?

A

Anabolism and catabolism

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material.

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The process where small, simple molecules are built up into larger more complex ones.

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4
Q

What hormones are involved in anabolism?

A

Estrogen, insulin, growth hormone, and testosterone are involved.

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5
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The process in which large, complex molecules in the body are broken down into smaller simple ones.

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6
Q

What hormones and involved in catabolism?

A

Adrenaline, cortisol, cytokines, and glucagon are involved.

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7
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

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8
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

They are the preferred source of energy for several body tissues. They are the primary energy source for the brain.

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9
Q

What do proteins do?

A

They play an essential role in growth. Development. Repair and maintenance of body tissues.

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10
Q

What do fats do?

A

Sexual hormone production. Cell growth. Energy storage. Absorbtion of vitamins.

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11
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A

Water soluble vitamins: B1 (thaimine), B2 (rboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), C (ascorbic acid), Folic acid. Fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K.

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12
Q

What does iron do?

A

It makes red blood cells.

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13
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

The system in charge of digesting the food you eat for growth, energy, and cell repair.

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14
Q

What is digestion?

A

Obtaining nutrients from food (macro/micro). Breaks down nutrients into small parts so that your body can absorb it and use it for growth, energy, and cell repair.

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down into?

A

Simple sugars.

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16
Q

What are lipids broken down into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

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17
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids.

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18
Q

What is needed to break things down and what are their components?

A

Motion: chewing, squeezing, and mixing.

Digestive juice: stomach acid, bile, and enzymes.

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19
Q

What are the digestive system’s steps?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

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20
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The motion of the muscles present in the digestive system.

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21
Q

What does the mouth do?

A

It breaks down food by chewing using our teeth and has salivary glands.

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22
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

Produces saliva to moisten food so it passes more quickly. It has enzymes that break down starch.

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23
Q

What is starch?

A

A long line of carbohydrates found in most vegetables.

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24
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A

Pushes food down into the stomach.

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25
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Breaks down food. It has specialized cells that produce hydrocloric acid, which with enzymes break down things.

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26
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

It absorbs nutrients. It is made up of 3 segments.

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27
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A

The duodenum, jejunum and ilenum.

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28
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A

It finishes the process of breaking down food. It recieves the bile and enzymes from the pancreas.

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29
Q

What does the jejunum do?

A

Absorbs nutrients to the blood stream.

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30
Q

What does the ilenum do?

A

Absorbs nutrients to the blood stream.

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31
Q

What is bile?

A

Substance that allows fats to be combined with water.

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32
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Allows entrance of glucose to the cell.

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33
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Reabsorbs water.

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34
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

Tells the brain the feeling of evacuation.

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35
Q

What does the anus do?

A

Lets you feel if it’s gas or solid. Lets the excrement exit the body.

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36
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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37
Q

What is plasma? (Blood)

A

A mixture of water, sugar, fat, proteins, and salts. Its main purpose is to transport blood cells.

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38
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

They are the most abundant cell in the blood. They carry and transport oxygen.

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39
Q

What are red blood cells made of?

A

Hemoglobin (red color), and iron.

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40
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

They protect the body against infections.

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41
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are fragments of cells. They help in blood clotting.

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42
Q

What are the parts of the heart beat?

A

Systole and diastole.

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43
Q

What are the parts of the excretory system?

A

Kidneys, urine, bladder, and the urethra.

44
Q

What do kidneys do?

A

They eliminate waste from the bloodstream with the production of urine. They maintain the volume of extracellular fluids. They maintain ionic balance. They maintain pH and osmatic balance.

45
Q

What are four salts?

A

Sodium, magnesium, potasium, and iron.

46
Q

What are the components of urine?

A

Urea, ammonia, and uric acid are its main componets. It travels to the bladder through tubes caled Ureter.

47
Q

What does the bladder do?

A

It stores urine.

48
Q

What is the urethera?

A

A conduct for urine to go out.

49
Q

What are the parts of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

50
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves born from the brain, nerves born from the spinal cord, and nerve fibers.

51
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The encephalon, and spinal cord.

52
Q

What are the parts of the encephalon?

A

Brain, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal bulb/medula.

53
Q

What is the brain?

A

The biggest organ within the encephalon. It is divided into 5 parts. It does different things depending on the region.

54
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

The second biggest organ within the encephalon. Its function is to maintain balance, coordination, and fine movements.

55
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

It recieves signals sent by the senses and feelings and sends them to different areas of the brain for processing.

56
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

It is responsible for some bodily functions, such as regulating temperature and sensing signs of sleep, hunger and thirst. It’s also responsible for emotions and manifesting emotions such as friendship, affection and love.

57
Q

What is the spinal bulb/medula?

A

It is responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the body. It controls basic functions such as heartbeat, digestion, and breathing.

58
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

The organ that connects the body to the brain. Its function is to transmit nerve impulses to and from all the body, and it’s responsible for reflexes.

59
Q

What are reflexes?

A

They are involuntary movements caused to prevent harm. They take place in the spinal cord to prevent delay.

60
Q

What are neurons for?

A

To communicate with both the outside and inside of the body. The brain has millions of specialized cells through which it sends electrical impulses to the entire body.

61
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A

Motor neurons and sensory neurons.

62
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Connect to muscles in order to move.

63
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Feel things like touch.

64
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A network of glands in your body that make hormones that help cells in communicating with each other.

65
Q

What is the endocrine systen made out of?

A

Glands located throughout the body and hormones that are made by the glands and released into the bloodstream.

66
Q

What is the reward system?

A

A system evolved in order to respond to natural survival stimuli to develop behaviors that help humans survive.

67
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons.

68
Q

What are the neurotransmitters?

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, gaba, acetylcholine, glutamate, and endorphines.

69
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Fight or flight response.

70
Q

What does noradrenaline do?

A

Opposite of adrenaline, and concentration.

71
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Pleasure.

72
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Mood.

73
Q

What does gaba do?

A

Calming.

74
Q

What does acetylcholine do?

A

Learning.

75
Q

What does glutamate do?

A

Memory.

76
Q

What do endorphines do?

A

Euphoria.

77
Q

What does overstimulation of the reward system do?

A

Permanent biochemical changes in the brain that contribute to an addiction.

78
Q

What are the two main neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine and glutamate.

79
Q

What are the four types of drugs?

A

Depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and inhalants.

80
Q

What do depressants do?

A

They create feelings of relaxation and tiredness. They are highly dangerous and are likely to cause overdose.

81
Q

What are three depressants?

A

Alcohol, oplates, and barbiturates.

82
Q

What do stimulants do?

A

Their primary use is to increase energy, concentration and wakefulness. They produce a rush. They’re extremley addictive and highly abuseable.

83
Q

What are two stimulants?

A

Cocaine and methamphetamine.

84
Q

What do hallucinogens do?

A

They alter the user’s perception of reality, with auditory and visual hallucinations, known as tripping. Less addictive than stimulants and more than depressants. Their immediate impacts are more severe and dangerous.

85
Q

What are three hallucinogens?

A

LSD, mushrooms, PCP

86
Q

What do inhalants do?

A

Most are common materials that are not designed to be ingested by humans. They produce a “high”. They tend to be less addictive, but are extremley dangerous.

87
Q

What are three inhalants?

A

Point thinner, nail polish remover and gasoline.

88
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, ovary (female), adrenal glands, testicle (male), placenta (during pregnency).

89
Q

What are repectors?

A

A sort of lock that only responds to compatible receptors.

90
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

It links our endocrine system and nervous system together. The hypothalamus drives the endocrine system.

91
Q

What drives the endocrine system?

A

The hypothalamus.

92
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

It recieves signals from the hypothalamus and sends the message to different organs of the endocrine system.

93
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

It is critical to the healthy development and maturation of vertebrates and regulates metabolism.

94
Q

What do adrenal glands do?

A

They produce hormones in response to stress and regulate blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and the body’s salt and water balance.

95
Q

What does the pancreas do? (Endocrine)

A

It produces two hormones called insulin and glucagon. Both hormones regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood.

96
Q

What do the gonads do?

A

They produce steroids that affect growth and development and also regulate reproductive cycles and behavior.

97
Q

What is the BMI?

A

Body mass index, it’s a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.

98
Q

What can BMI do?

A

To screen for weight catagories that may lead to health problems and it can be an indicator of high body fatness.

99
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared.

100
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Decision making.

101
Q

What does the pariental lobe do?

A

Touch.

102
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Vision.

103
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Short term memory and speech.

104
Q

What is obesity and overweight defined as?

A

Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.

105
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Excess or imbalance in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients.

Science (5 decks)

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