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PTA 102 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contraindications for Goniometry?

A
  • Muscle contaction can cause injury (AROM)
  • Joint motion can impede healing (PROM)
  • Pt. is immediately post-op, dislocation, non healed Fx
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2
Q

What are the goals and purposes for doing Goniometry?

A
  • Establish goals
  • Determine progress or lack of
  • Provides objective data
  • Helps with fabrication of equipment
  • Motivate the Pt.
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3
Q

What are the parts of the Goniometer?

A
  • Axis: Point in the center of the round part around which everything rotates
  • Stationary Arm: Arm attached to the round part
  • Moveable Arm: Arm by itself
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4
Q

What does Validity mean in terms of Goniometry?

A

Does the instrument measure what it’s supposed to measure

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5
Q

What does Reliability mean in terms of Goniometry?

A

Does the instrument yeild the same results on repeated uses by either the same operator or different operator

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6
Q

What are some strategies to improve reliability?

A
  • The same tester
  • Pt. in same position
  • Same goniometer
  • Proper size goniometer
  • Measurement taken at same time of day
  • Measurement taken at same sequence in treatment
  • Measurement taken at eye level
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7
Q

Normal AROM for the Hip

A
  • Flexion= 120
  • Extension= 30
  • Abduction= 45
  • Adduction= 30
  • Internal Rotation= 45
  • External Rotation= 45
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8
Q

Normal AROM for the Knee

A
  • Flexion= 135

- Extension= 0

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9
Q

Normal AROM for the Ankle

A
  • Plantar flexion= 50
  • Dorsiflexion= 20
  • Inversion= 35
  • Eversion= 15
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10
Q

Normal AROM for the Shoulder

A
  • Flexion= 180
  • Extension= 60
  • Abduction= 180
  • Horizontal Abduction=45
  • Horizontal Adduction= 135
  • Internal Rotation= 70
  • External Rotation= 90
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11
Q

Normal AROM for the Elbow

A
  • Flexion= 150

- Extension= 15

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12
Q

Normal AROM for the Forearm

A
  • Supination= 80

- Pronation= 90

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13
Q

Normal AROM for the Wrist

A
  • Flexion= 80
  • Extension= 70
  • Ulnar Deviation= 30
  • Radial Deviation= 20
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14
Q

How do you perform the length test for the Pectoralis Major?

A
  • Pt. is supine
  • Abd. shoulder to 90
  • Flex elbow to 90
  • Measure for Shoulder Horizontal Abduction
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15
Q

How do you perform the length test for the Biceps Brachii?

A
  • Pt. is supine
  • Pronate forearm
  • Extend Shoulder
  • Measure for elbow extension
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16
Q

How do you perform the length test for the Triceps

A
  • Pt. is seated
  • Forearm is supinated
  • Shoulder is flexed
  • Measure for elbow flexion
17
Q

How do you perform the length test for the Hamstrings and what is another name for it?

A
  • Pt. is supine
  • With the knee fully extended, measure for hip flexion
  • AKA Passive Straight Leg Raise (PSLR)
18
Q

How do you perform the length test for the Hip Flexors, what is another name for it, and which muscles are you testing?

A
  • Pt. is supine at the edge of the plinth at midthigh level
  • Pt. holds untested hip into flexion so that sacrum and L-Spine are flat on the plinth
  • Pt. lowers measured LE to plinth
  • If the knee is extended and the thigh touches the table, it is the Rectus Femoris that is tight
  • If the knee is flexed and the thigh still does not touch the table, it is the Iliacus that is tight
  • Measure for hip flexion
  • AKA Thomas Test
19
Q

How do you perform the length test for the Hip Adductors?

A
  • Pt. is supine
  • Non-measured LE is abducted with knee flexed over the side of the plinth w/ foot supported on stool
  • Measure for hip adduction
20
Q

How do you perform the length test for the Iliotibial Band, which muscle(s) are you testing, and what is another name for it?

A
  • Pt. is side lying with measured side up and facing away from tester
  • Extend hip
  • Flex knee
  • Measure for hip Adduction
  • The Tensor Fascia Latae is the muscle being measured
  • AKA the Ober’s Test
21
Q

What is the Ely’s Test and how do you perform it?

A
  • It measures the length of the Rectus Femoris

- With the Pt. supine, measure for knee extension

22
Q

How do you perform the length test for the Gastrocnemius?

A
  • Pt. is standing with measured knee extended and non-measured LE lunging forward
  • Measure for dorsiflexion
23
Q

What are the contraindications for MMT?

A
  • Pain
  • Inflammation
  • Severe inflammatory disease
  • Severe Cardiac/Respiratory Disease
24
Q

What are the Precautions for MMT?

A
  • Recent Surgery
  • History of disc pathology
  • CV- watch for valsalva
  • When overwork is detrimental
25
Q

What are the indications for MMT?

A
  • Data Collection
  • Document progress toward goals
  • To see if treatment is effective
26
Q

Describe the process of MMT, including the MMT screen.

A
  • Explanation & instruction
  • Test Uninvolved side first
  • Test involved side AROM against gravity (Screen)
  • Determine PROM
  • Depending on screen results, proceed from there.
27
Q

How do you grade muscle strength using whole numbers and half numbers?

A 
5 = Full ROM against gravity- Max resistance
4 = Full ROM against gravity- Mod resistance
4- = >50% ROM against gravity- Mod resistance
3+ = Full ROM against gravity- Min resistance
3 = Full ROM against gravity- No resistance
3- = >50% ROM against gravity
2+ = >50% ROM against gravity
2 = Full ROM gravity eliminated
2- = <50% ROM gravity eliminated
1 = No movement, flicker of muscle contraction
0 = Nothing
28
Q

What are the normal Primitive Reflexes?

A
  • Rooting
  • Moro
  • Stepping
  • Palmar Grasp
  • Plantar Grasp
  • ATNR
  • Galant
  • Parachute
  • Anterior Propping
  • Lateral Propping
29
Q

What are the normal reflexes which persist into adulthood?

A
  • Blinking
  • Gag
  • Sneeze
  • Yawn
  • Cough
30
Q

What are abnormal primitive reflexes?

A

Reflexes which are

  • absent at birth
  • abnormal at birth
  • persistent past the age that it usually disappears
  • redevelopment of primitive reflexes
31
Q

What is Pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of what happens to the drug once it enters the body and the way it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated

32
Q

What is Pharmacodynamics?

A

The analysis of what the drug does to the body

33
Q

What are the pharmacokinetic implications for the PT?

A
  • Timing of PT sessions wih drug peaks and valleys
    • inhaled drugs often take 15-20 mins to peak
    • pain meds should be taken prior to PT
    • insulin timing and peak effect
  • Effects on absorbtion and distribution are increased with heat, exercise and massage and decreased with cold
34
Q

What is the ABCDE method used for and what does each letter mean?

A

-Used to distinguish Melanoma spots to normal spots on the body
A=Asymmetry
B=uneven Borders
C=variety of Colors
D=Diameter (larger than a pencil eraser)
E=Evolution (changes in size, shape, color, etc.)

35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cancer?

A 
C=Change in bowl/bladder routine
A=A sore that will not heal
U=Unusual bleeding/discharge
T=Thickening/lump develops
I=Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O=Obvious change in wart/mole
N=Nagging cough/hoarseness

*Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, anorexia, anemia, pain and or weakness

36
Q

What are the PT implications for pt.s w/ Cancer?

A
  • Verify exercise guidelines with the physician
  • Monitor blood values daily (platelet and hematocrit)
    • Anemia: dyspnea, dizziness, heart palpitations
    • Low Platelets: Bruise Easily
    • Low WBC: Infection risk
  • Exercise intensity should range 40-65% of Heart Rate Reserve
37
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Type 1

  • Pt.s are unable to synthesize enough or any insulin
  • Normally diagnosed in children
  • Known as insulin dependent
  • Cause is unknown
  • signs and Sx include sudden onset of weight loss, ketoacidosis, polyuria, blurred vision, dehydration, & fatigue

Type 2

  • Typically occurs in adults over age 45, but higher in children due to childhood obesity
  • Some insulin is produced by the pancreas but not enough
  • Develops from increased resistance to insulin and/or inadequate insulin secretion
  • Obesity increases insulin resistance
  • Signs and symptoms are same as Type 1, but ketoacidosis rarely occurs
  • Can be treated through diet, exercise, insulin injections or oral madications as needed

PTA 102 (6 decks)

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