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PTA 102 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Orientation x 1,2,3?

A

(x1) - Person: If they know who they are
(x2) - Place: If they know where they are
(x3) - Time: If they know the date or the season

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2
Q

Why do we test for leg length?

A

To determine a descrepency from one side to another

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3
Q

How do you measure for leg length?

A

With patient in Supine

  • ASIS to Medial Malleoli (true leg length)
  • Umbilicus to Medial Malleoli (pelvic obliquity may scew results)
  • Greater Trochanter to Lateral Malleolus
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4
Q

Why do we measure girth?

A

To measure atrophy or edema in an extremity

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5
Q

How do you measure for girth?

A
  • With a tape measure wrapped around a specific point on an extremity
  • With a volumeter
    • Fill the volumeter with water till it overflows
    • Allow the overflow to stop naturally
    • Instruct the patient to slowly immerse the extremity into the volumeter with the hand open and relaxed. If there is a bar, the hand should rest on the bar in the web space between the 3rd and 4th digits. The foot should rest on the bottom
    • Allow the water to displace into the measuring container until it stops.
    • Read the measurement on a flat surface at eye level
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6
Q

What is a Dermatome?

A

The skin area that is supplied by the sensory fibers of a spinal nerve

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7
Q

What are the different types of Superficial Sensory Tests?

A
  • Pain (pt. differentiates between sharp and dull pain)
  • Tempurature (pt. differentiates between hot and cold)
  • Light touch (pt. feels for light touch with a cotton ball)
  • Pressure (pt. feels for pressure)
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8
Q

What is Monofilament Testing?

A

It is used for testing loss of protective sensation of the feet in diabetic patients and those at risk for developing neuropathic foot ulcers

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9
Q

What are the different types of Deep Sensory Tests?

A
  • Kinesthesia (pt. can determine which direction the joint is moving)
  • Proprioception (pt. can determine which position the joint is in)
  • Vibration (pt. can feel vibration)
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10
Q

What are the different types of Cortical Tests?

A
  • Stereognosis (pt. can recognize different objects by touch)
  • Two-point descrimination (pt. can percieve two points when they both touch the pt. at the same time)
  • Graphesthesia (pt. can recognize a symbol that is drawn on their skin)
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11
Q

What are the grades for Reflex Testing?

A 
0 = No responce
1+ = minimal responce, no joint movement
2+ = Normal responce
3+ = brisk responce
4+ = hyperactive responce/clonus
5+ = sustained clonus
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12
Q

What are the different Reflexes, their spinal segment, and response?

A
  • Biceps/ C5/ Elbow Flexion
  • Brachioradialis/ C6/ Elbow Flexion
  • Triceps/ C7/ Elbow Extension
  • Quadriceps/ L4/ Knee Extension
  • Achilles/ S1/ Plantar Flexion
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13
Q

What is Tone?

A

The resistance of muscle to passive elongation or stretch

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14
Q

What are the descriptors for abnormal Tone?

A
  • Hypotonia: Flaccidity
  • Hypertonia: Spacicity, rigidity, clonus, leadpipe, cogwheel
  • Dystonia: Twisting/ writhing movement
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15
Q

What is a Myotome?

A

A group of muscles that one spinal nerve innervates.

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16
Q

Myotome for C5

A

“Stay Alive” Shoulder Abduction

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17
Q

Myotome for C5, C6

A

“Pick up Sticks” Elbow Flexion

18
Q

Myotome for C7

A

“Up to Heaven” Elbow Extension

19
Q

Myotome for C8

A

“Ulnar Deviate” Ulnar Deviation

20
Q

Myotome for L1, L2

A

“Lift up your Shoe” Hip Flexion

21
Q

Myotome for L3, L4

A

“Kick the Door” Knee Extension

22
Q

Myotome for L4, L5

A

“Up to the Sky” Dorsiflexion, and Toe Extension

23
Q

Myotome for S1

A

“The Race has Begun” Plantar Flexion/ Eversion

24
Q

What are the Contraindications for Goniometry?

A
  • Muscle contraction can cause injury (AROM)
  • Joint motion can impede healing (PROM)
  • Ex. immediately post-op, dislocation, non healed fx
25
Q

What are the Precautions for Goniometry?

A
  • Pain/inflammation/infection
  • Recently healed fx
  • Osteoporosis
  • Hypermobility
  • Hemophilia or Hematoma
  • Meds (ie: muscle relaxants)
26
Q

What are the goals and purposes of doing Goniometry?

A
  • Establish goals
  • Determine Progress or lack of
  • Provides objective data
  • Helps with fabrication of equipment
  • Motivate the pt.
27
Q

What are the parts of the Goniometer

A
  • Axis: Point in the center of the round part around which everything rotates
  • Stationary arm: Arm attached to the round part
  • Moveable arm: Arm by itself
28
Q

What are substitution movements and how do you prevent them?

A

Substitution movements are when the pt. moves joints other than the one being measured in order to recieve better results. You can prevent them by placing your hands on a patient in a way that stablizes the joint and giving your pt. verbal cues to not make any substitution movements.

29
Q

Normal AROM in the joints of the Hip

A
  • Flexion = 120 deg
  • Extension = 30 deg
  • Abduction = 45 deg
  • Adduction = 30 deg
  • Internal Rotation = 45 deg
  • External Rotaion = 45 deg
30
Q

Normal AROM in the joints of the Knee

A
  • Flexion = 135 deg

- Extension = 0 deg

31
Q

Normal AROM in the joints of the Ankle

A
  • Plantar Flexion = 50 deg
  • Dorsiflexion = 20 deg
  • Inversion = 35 deg
  • Eversion = 15 deg
32
Q

What are the start positions testing the joints in the LE

A

Pt. is Supine or Prone with Hips and Knees Extended to 0 deg and Ankles flexed to 90 deg

33
Q

What does Validity mean in terms of Goniometry?

A

Does the instrument measure what it’s supposed to measure

34
Q

What does Reliability mean in terms of Goniometry?

A

Does the instrument yeild the same results on repeated uses by either the same operator or different operators

35
Q

What are some strategies to improve Reliability?

A
  • The same tester
  • Pt. in same position
  • Same goniometer
  • Proper size goniometer
  • Measurement taken at same time of day
  • Measurement taken at same sequence in treatment
  • Measurement taken at eye level
36
Q

What are the key anatomical landmarks of the LE

A
  • Iliac Crest
  • ASIS
  • PSIS
  • Ischial Tuberosity
  • Greater Trochanter
  • Medial and Lateral Condyles of Femur
  • Patella
  • Head of Fibula
  • Tibial Tuberosity
  • Medial and Later Malleoli
  • Achilles Tendon
  • Tuberosity of the Navicular Bone
  • Base of the 5th Metatarsal
  • Head of the 1st Metatarsal
  • Calcaneus
37
Q

What are the contraindications for MMT?

A
  • Pain
  • Inflammation
  • Severe Inflammatory Disease
  • Severe Cardiac/Respiratory Disease
38
Q

What are the Precautions for MMT?

A
  • Recent Surgery
  • History of Disc Pathology
  • CV- watch for Valsalva
  • When overwork is detrimental
39
Q

What are the Indications for MMT?

A
  • Data Collection
  • Document progress toward goals
  • To see if treatment is effective
40
Q

Describe the process of MMT, including the MMT Screen.

A
  • Explanation and instruction
  • Determine ROM
  • Test uninvolved side first
  • Test involved side AROM against gravity (Screen)
  • Depending on Screen results; proceed from there
41
Q

How do you grade muscle strength using whole numbers only?

A

5- Full ROM against gravity (MAX resistance)
4- Full ROM against gravity (MOD resistance)
3- Full ROM against gravity (No resistance)
2- Full ROM against gravity (Gravity Eliminated)
1- No movement, flicker of muscle contraction
0- Nothing

PTA 102 (6 decks)

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