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Geoglogy > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

Sedimentary Rocks, Metamorphic Rocks, Weathering

1
Q

Types of Weathering

A

Mechanical

Chemical

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2
Q

What is Mechanical Weathering

A

When big pieces become little pieces

Ex. Roots, Water/Ice, Percussion, Abrasion, Rounding

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3
Q

What is Chemical Weathering and Give Examples

A

Weathering due to chemical process

Ex.
Oxidation: Mineral + Oxygen = New Mineral
Carbonate Dissolution: Carbonate + Weak acid = CO2
CO2 + atoms in water = Caves + Speleothems
Silicate Hydrolysis: Silicate + Weak Acid =
Clay Minerals, Silica in Water, Other Elements
*Ferromagnesian Silicates dissolve faster

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4
Q

Weathering Effects

A

Differential Weathering - Does not weather uniformly

Spheroidal Weathering - Makes rock more round and circular

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5
Q

Products of Weathering

A

Sediment
Chemicals Dissolved in Water
Clay Minerals

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6
Q

Karst Topography

A

Caves
Sink Holes
Sinking Streams

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7
Q

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

A

Clastic/Detrital
Chemical
Organic

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8
Q

Clastic/Detrital Sedimentary

A

Unconsolidated

  • Sediment, Detritus
  • Grain, Fragments

Lithification

  • Compaction (squeezed next to each other)
  • Cementation (calcite, quartz, hematite)
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9
Q

What is Pore Space

A

Space in-between grains

- can be filled with water, oil, natural gas

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10
Q

Wentworth Size Scale

A

Measurement Sediment Rock

> 256mm ————–Boulder ———–(gravel)
Conglomerate (round)
56-256mm ———–Cobble ———–(gravel)
Brecia (sharp)
4-64mm —————Pebble ———–(gravel)

2-4mm —————–Granule ———–(gravel)

1/16-2mm ————–Sand —————Sandstone

1/256-1/16mm ———Silt —————–Siltstone

<1/256mm ————-Clay —————-Claystone
Shale (compacted)

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11
Q

What does Fossiliferous Mean

A

Fossils are present in the rock

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12
Q

Chemical Sedimentary

A

Elements in water
Crystalized
Mineral Composition

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13
Q

Calcite (Sedimentary) —->

A

Limestone

a. finely crystalline = Micritic
b. coarsely crystalline = Travertine

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14
Q

Evaporite Minerals

A

Sea Water Evaporation

  • Calcite = Micrite
  • Gypsum = Rock Gypsum
  • Halite = Rock Salt
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15
Q

Dolomite —->

A

Dolostone

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16
Q

Quartz —->

A

Chert/Flint

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17
Q

Organic Sedimentary

A

elements dissolved in water

crystallization by plants/animals

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18
Q

Calcite (Organic) —->

A

Limestone

c. Fossils = Fossiliferous Limestone
d. Chalky = Chalk

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19
Q

Organic/Plants

A 
Plant
Peat
Lignite (Brown Coal)
Bituminous Coal (Soft Coal)
Anthracite Coal (Hard Coal)
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20
Q

Sedimentary Rock Classification

Features

A 
Bedding
Mud Crack
Ripple Mark
Cross Bedding
Fossils
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21
Q

Bedding

A

Sedimentary Layering

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22
Q

Mud Crack

A

Paleoenvironment
fine grained
tops indicator

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23
Q

Ripple Marks

A

a. symmetrical, oscillation ripple, wave like

b. asymmetrical, current ripple, long build up, sudden drop off

24
Q

Cross Bedding

A

erosion and deposition of current ripple

shows direction of current

25
Q

Fossils

A

evidence of ancient life
paleoenvironment
age of rock, time of deposition
evidence for evolution

26
Q

Types of Contact (3)

A

Intrusive Contact
Fault Contact
Depositional

27
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

Changed in Texture or Mineral Composition

28
Q

What is a Parent Rock

A

The First Rock (Starting Point)

29
Q

Foliated

A

Metamorphic Layering

30
Q

Non-Foliated

A

Blocky

31
Q

Agents of Metamorphism (3)

explain

A
  1. Heat
    - fine crystals —> Large crystals
    - igneous intrusion
    - deep burial
  2. Directed Pressure
    - reorient crystals
    - continental collusion
  3. Chemmically Active Fluids
    - hot water + other elements in solution
    - igneous intrusions
    - pore water
    - attached to clay
32
Q

Styles (2)

A
  1. Contact Metamorphism
    - non foliated
    - hot intrusion changes host rock surrounding it
  2. Regional Metamorphism
    - directed pressure
    - chemically active fluids
33
Q

Contact Metamorphism Examples

A

Limestone = Marble
Sandstone = Quartzite
Bituminous Coal = Anthracite Coal

34
Q

Regional Metamorphism Examples

A

Shale > Slate > Schist > Gneiss

35
Q

Porphyroblast

A

garnets in Schist and Gneiss

36
Q

Characteristics of Conglomerate

A

Large rounded particles

often with sand between

37
Q

Characteristics of Breccia

A

large angular particles

often with sand between

38
Q

Characteristics of Sandstone

A

visible grains

rough texture

39
Q

Characteristics of Siltstone

A

Slightly Gritty

hard to see grains

40
Q

Characteristics of Claystone

A

smooth, no gritty feel

41
Q

Characteristics of Shale

A

smooth, no gritty feel

tabular sheets

42
Q

Characteristics of Micrite

A

fizzes

fine inorganic crystals

43
Q

Characteristics of Fossiliferous Limestone

A

fizzes

fossil fragments

44
Q

Characteristics of Chalk

A

soft
chalky texture
fizzes

45
Q

Characteristics of Travertine

A

coarse crystals
crystals arranged radially or in parallel
brown discoloration
fizzes

46
Q

Characteristics of Rock Salt

A

dull luster

cubic cleavage

47
Q

Characteristics of Rock Gypsum

A

soft
sugary texture
often translucent

48
Q

Characteristics of Dolostone

A

spongey
fizzes
tan

49
Q

Characteristics of Chert/Flint

A

sharp edge

glossy

50
Q

Characteristics of Bituminous Coal

A

low density
black
yellow streak

51
Q

Characteristics of Slate

A

flat smooth surface
reorientation of clay flakes
may be iridescent in luster

52
Q

Characteristics of Schist

A

Mica grows along parting surfaces
possible garnets
irregular parting surfaces

53
Q

Characteristics of Gneiss

A

Alternating light and dark minerals

possible garnets

54
Q

Characteristics of Quartzite

A

smooth texture with sharp edges

faints circular outlines of sand

55
Q

Characteristics of Marble

A

sugary texture

white in color when pure

56
Q

Characteristics of Anthracite Coal

A

black
iridescent luster
low density

Geoglogy (5 decks)

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