Exam 3 Flashcards
Which muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve?
- superior rectus
- medial rectus
- superior oblique
- inferior oblique
- lateral rectus
- inferior rectus
- superior rectus
- medial rectus
- inferior oblique
- inferior rectus
the trochlear nerve innervates the _____ muscle and the abducens innervates the _____ muscle.
the trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle and the abducens innervates the lateral rectus muscle.
When was the first illustration of the hippocampus made
1500s 1600s 1400s 1900s
1500s
What are two of the three principles about learning in memory we learned from H M and similar patients.
- Memory is a distinct cerebral ability, separate from other cognitive functions.
- Short term memory and long term memory are distinct
- medial temporal lobe structures are not the ultimate repository of long term memory.
Why did the learning and memory hippocampal lesion studies of the 1960s and 70s, generally fail.
they were done in rat brains, or sometimes monkeys. The experiments are not exactly testing the desired principle or correct type of memory, human experiments and rat experiments are not transferable, not entirely transferable, when it comes to the behavioral task. In this case they are testing for memory.
The central connections for the parasympathetic components of the oculomotor nerve is the
Edinger-Westphal nuclues
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, caused by a timing delicacy, and generally seen in Alcoholics is a rare cause of eighth nerve palsy
T/F
FALSE
an individual experiencing vertigo and nystagmus likely has inflammation of or damage to their _____ nerve
vertibulocochlear nerve
taste is a component of which functional division of the glossopharyngeal nerve
GSA GVA SVA GVE SVE
SVA
The anterior part of the cerebral peduncle, which contains motor tracks coming from the cortex is called the
Crus cerebri
the substantia nigra, and red nucleus together make up the
- tectum
- tegmentum
- collicular complex
- none of these are correct.
- tegmentum
pyramidal tracks originate in the ____, whereas extrapyramidal tracks originate in the ______.
pyramidal tracks originate in the cortex, whereas extrapyramidal tracks originate in the brainstem.
neurons in the cerebellum and basal ganglia synapse on alpha motor neurons, true or false
FALSE
neurons of the globus pallidus are
- tonically inhibited
- interconnected via octopamine neurotransmitter
- totally quiescent
- tonically active
-tonically active
A woman rushed to the hospital after a serious car accident when she enters the emergency room, an instructor, a resident noticed that her arms and legs are extended and her neck is retracted the resident suspects the woman has sustained damage to her _____, causing desperate rigidity.
- amygdala
- spinal cord
- pons
- cerebral cortex
pons
signals from the upper motor neurons are sent to the cranial nerve motor nuclei, by way of the _______ tract.
signals from the upper motor neurons are sent to the cranial nerve motor nuclei, by way of the corticobulbar tract.
The ______ track coordinates movements of the head, in relation to visual stimuli and crosses quickly before it enters the spinal cord.
tectospinal
What are two important jobs of the reticular activating system
plays a role in wakefulness and consciousness (attention)
True or false.
Muscles closer to the midline are controlled by motor neurons that have cell bodies closer to your midline.
true
medial motor neurons received their input from upper motor neurons in the _____.
Lateral motor neurons received their input from upper motor neurons in the _____
medial motor neurons received their input from upper motor neurons in the brainstem.
Lateral motor neurons received their input from upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex.
Which type of local circuit neuron is more likely to have longer axons and branches that cross the midline
A) medial local circuit neurons
B)neither
C) lateral local circuit neurons
D) Both medial and lateral local circuit neurons.
A) medial local circuit neurons
Which of these generates the most force?
Slow (S) motor units
Fast fatigue FF motor units,
fast fatigue resistant (FR) motor units.
Fast fatigue FF motor units,
Which of these are recruited for walking?
Slow (S) motor units
Fast fatigue FF motor units,
fast fatigue resistant (FR) motor units.
fast fatigue resistant (FR) motor units.
Initiation of walking requires input from the brain, but the act of coordination between the limbs occurs in the spinal cord
-true or False
True.
Where are Betz cells found?
- in layer five of both the primary and the premotor cortex
- layer five of the premotor cortex.
- None of the above.
- layer five of the primary motor cortex.
-layer five of the primary motor cortex.
Our ability to make discreet movements with our fingers is due to the connections from the
- anterior corticospinal tract
- cerebropontine tract
- corticobulbar tract
- lateral corticospinal tract
-lateral corticospinal tract
_____ seems to care more about things within arm’s length (personal space) and the __(premotor cortex?? or cerebellum??)___ cares more about things farther away. (Extra personal space)
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
Which of the following regulate head position by reflex activation of neck muscles in response to semicircular canal information.
- lateral vestibulospinal tract
- Medial vestibulospinal tract
-Medial vestibulospinal tract
If you lesion the direct corticospinal motor pathways animals will
- be unable to make voluntary movements at all
- be unable to control their proximal muscular. well
- be unable to control their distal muscular as well.
- none of these are correct.
- all these are correct.
-be unable to control their distal muscular as well.
the striatum is made up of the ____ and ___. The pallidum is made up of the ____ and _____.
caudate and putamen
globus palidus and substantia nigra
The caudate receives input from
(select all that applys)
- multimodal association cortices
- primary and secondary somatosensory cortices
- extrastriate visual cortex.
- motor area in the frontal lobe that control eye movement
- auditory association area.
- multimodal association cortices
- motor area in the frontal lobe that control eye movement
the region of the substantia nigra that contains dopaminergic neurons is the
- pars compacta
- pars reticulata
- both the pars compacta and the pars reticulata.
-pars compacta
What evidence suggests that medium spiny neurons are associated with the decisions to move
- staining of the striatum reveals patches surrounded by matrix
- cortical areas concerned with hand coverage in a different striatum area than cortical areas concerned with the leg
- the more extensively interconnected the area of the cortex, the greater the overlap and their projections to the striatum
- Neurons in the putamen and caudate discharge seconds before the initiation of movement
- input and output into different components of the striatum is unique.
Neurons in the putamen and caudate discharge seconds before the initiation of movement
The transmitter for the medium spiny neurons, the striatum is
- glutamate
- GABA
- dopamine
- acetylcholine.
GABA is the answer.
The external segment of the globus pallidus projects to the internal segment of the ____ in the ___ pathway
- VA/VL complex of the thalamus, indirect
- caudate, indirect
- subthalamic nucleus, indirect
- -subthalamic nucleus, direct
- caudate, direct
-subthalamic nucleus, indirect
subthalamic neurons that project to the internal segment of the globus pallidus released which transmitter?
- the subthalamic nuerons do not project ot the internal segment of the globus pallidus
- GABA
- Glutamine.
- glutamate
- dopamine
- acetylcholine
-glutamate
Dopamine enhances excitation from the cortisol tax by acting through the (D1 / D2) receptor.
D1
Your 48 year old cousins, mood, seems to be increasingly irritable and impulsive the last few years, you also noticed that his left arm seems to be move a lot more than his right. It seems that your cousin tries to cover up his extra movements by incorporating it seemingly intentional movement. When you discusses with your mother she recalls her aunt had a similar behavior, which condition would you expect your cousin has
-Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, muscular dystrophy.
-Huntington’s disease
Which cerebellar structures correctly paired with its function
- Cerebrocerebellum: Vestibulo-ocular-reflex
- Vermis: movement of distal muscles
- Folla: highly skilled movement
- Vestibulocerebellum: posture
-Vestibulocerebellum: posture
Which of the following is primarily composed of effernt fibers coming from the deep cerebellar nuclei
- inferior cerebellar peduncle
- superior cerebellar peduncle
- middle cerebellar peduncle.
-superior cerebellar peduncle
The primary motor cortex processes information for muscles in the ____ side of the body. The cerebellum processes information the muscles on ____ side(s) of the body.
The primary motor cortex processes information for muscles in the contralateral side of the body. The cerebellum processes information the muscles on ipsillateral lateral side(s) of the body.
damage to which pathway would affect voluntary movement of the limbs
- interposed nuclei output to the thalamus via the superior cerebellar peduncle
- fastigial nuclei output to the thalamus via the middle cerebellar peduncle
- dentate nuclei output to the superior colliculus via the middle cerebral peduncle
-interposed nuclei output to the thalamus via the superior cerebellar peduncle
which synapse has a strongest excitatory connection?
- Climbing fibers synapses on Purkinje cells
- basket cells synapses on Purkinje cells
- mossy fibers synapses on granule cells.
-Climbing fibers synapses on Purkinje cells
a drooping eyelid can be expected as a result of damage to the _____ nerve
- optic
- trochlear
- abducens
- oculomotor
-oculomotor
The type of eye movement that is used to to focus vision at different distances is called
- saccades
- smooth pursuit
- vergence
- optokinetic
- vergence
The rostral interstitial nucleus / mesencephalic reticular formation is the _____ gaze center and the PPRF is the _____ center.
The rostral interstitial nucleus / mesencephalic reticular formation is the vertical gaze center and the PPRF is the horizontal center.
Someone who has lesions, to the _____ will probably have problems with the saccades on side contralateral to the lesions.
frontal eye fields
which two nuclei of the thalamus are considered the motor nuclei?
Ventral anterior and ventral lateral
Which type of cell provides the only output from the cerebellar cortex
- granule cells
- deep cerebellar nuclei cells
- purkinje cells
purkinje cells
