Exam 1: Telencephalon Flashcards
Frontal Lobe (5 functions)
Cognition Problem-solving Language Expression of emotion Contributes to learning and memory Motor function : (important part of the telencephalon )
Frontal lobe contains:
Superior frontal gyrus:
Middle frontal gyrus:
Inferior frontal gyrus: (contains Broca’s area)
Precentral gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus:
i dont think need to know this
- part of frontal lobe
- Superior frontal gyrus: executive processing in working memory (du Boisgueheneuc et al, 2006), laughter, executive processing for attention, motor control (supplementary motor area)
[attention and ability to shift attention]
(i dont think need to know this)
Middle frontal gyrus
i dont think need to know this
- part of frontal lobe
- orienting attention, literacy and numeracy
[Helps the superior frontal gyrus attend to certain things (maintaining the attention?)]
Inferior frontal gyrus:
-part of frontal lobe
language processing and speech (contains Broca’s area)
Where is Brocas area
The inferior frontal gyrus contains Broca’s area, which is involved in language processing and speech production.
In short, Brocas area is responsible for :
In short, it is responsible for language production
Broca’s Aphasia
*Also known as expressive aphasia
*Results from damage to Broca’s area
*Individuals lose their ability to produce language- spoken and written
*Can happen to varying degrees
-Some can make sentences, but leave words out (usually prepositions, articles, etc)
-Some can only speak single word sentences
*The person knows what they are trying to say, but have difficulty getting the words out (very frustrating)
(the expression is based on the function of Brocas area)
*Comprehension is generally intact
T/F when a person has Broca’s Aphasia their comprehension is generally intact
TRUE
Comprehension is generally intact
________ terminates at the lateral fissure
central sulcus
Prrrrrretty sure
Precentral gyrus:
-what tracts originate here?
- part of the frontal lobe
- also known as the primary motor cortex
- The corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract, and cortico-rubrospinal tract all originate from the precentral gyrus
- Contains upper motor neurons
- Large motor neurons that send their axons out of the brain to places like the spinal cord [or the brainstem depending on what want to move]
[upper motor neurons synapse onto the lower motor neurons to make things happen]
What originates from the precentral gyrus?
*The corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract, and cortico-rubrospinal tract all originate from the precentral gyrus
*also known as the primary motor cortex
Precentral gyrus
Temporal Lobe (separated by and parts)
- Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure
1- Superior Temporal Gyrus
2- Middle Temporal Gyrus
3- Inferior Temporal Gyrus
Parts of the temporal lobe with definitions
*Superior temporal gyrus: auditory association cortex; includes Wernicke’s area
(Big chunk of brain close to the ear)
*Middle temporal gyrus: participates in visual associations- word meanings and facial recognition
(Combo processing, making associations)
*Inferior temporal gyrus: object processing, visual speech processing, some roles in visual association/processing
Wernicke’s Area
Mostly language comprehension
-found in the Superior temporal gyrus (auditory association cortex) of the temporal lobe
[ensure that words have meaning]
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Damage to this region leads to production of speech that lacks meaning
Words and sentences are produced fluidly, but the words do not connect and no complete thought can be derived from this speech
dorsal to the central sulcus
Postcentral Gyrus
part of the parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex other name
Postcentral Gyrus
Parts of the Parietal Lobe
- Postcentral Gyrus- primary somatosensory cortex
- Intraparietal sulcus- planning of movements (eyes, reaching) and some visual attention
- Angular gyrus- participates in all kinds of stuff… memory, language, numeracy…
*Supramarginal gyrus- part of the somatosensory association cortex; helps you figure out where your limbs are in space; important part of the mirror neuron system
IMPORTANT!
Function of the Parietal Lobe
- mostly somatosensory
- mirror neurons helps us “learn by seeing”
the Supramarginal gyrus, part of the parietal lobe, is an important part of the _______ system which means…
Supramarginal gyrus- part of the somatosensory association cortex; helps you figure out where your limbs are in space; important part of the mirror neuron system
Mirror Neuron System
Neurons fire not only when you perform an action, but also when you see someone else perform an action (or even if you hear it)
Believed to play a role in helping you learn behaviors, including speech
May also play a role in empathy
which lobe may have a role in empathy ?
parietal because of the
Mirror Neuron System
(okay but also she said the insula plays a part in this)
Occipital Lobe parts
- Occipital Pole: essentially the back end of the brain; in humans, contains part of primary visual cortex (V1)
- Lateral Occipital Gyri: visual object processing
- Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
which lobe has the most variety among humans?
the occipital lobe
Insula ***
Located deep in the lateral sulcus
Believed to play a role in self-awareness and consciousness
Also plays a role in things like taste preference, empathy, emotion
Basal Ganglia (function)
Not ganglia
Definitely basal
Most known for role in movement but
Functions not limited to movement
what three parts are DEFS a member of the Basal Ganglia
Globus pallidus
Caudate
Putamen
Amygdala function ***
*Primary role in processing and memory of emotional reactions, particularly fear.
*Can act as ‘thinking bypass’, triggering automatic reactions.
In a fearful situation, sensory stimuli –> basolateral amygdala –> form associations with memories of the stimuli –> fear responses (freezing, increased heart rate and the release of stress hormones)
[-more important to remember the scary animals vs the nice animals]
*Also involved in the process of forming long-term memories
[-not really including it as a part of the basal ganglia but some say it can be a part of it ]
*Damage to amygdala
probs dont need to know
*Damage: disrupts the ability of an emotionally charged stimulus to elicit an unconscious emotional response
*Remove amygdala:
probs dont need to know
lose their ability to fear and recognize anger in others
[(Losing ability for negative preferences (?))]
Electrical activation of amygdala
probs dont need to know
: feelings of fear and apprehension
How the Brain processes fear
high and low road
- sensory thalamusresponse (scream)
low road: between the amygdala and sensory thalamus : nearly instant
High road: involving the cortex, few seconds
hippocampus**
Mostly gets credit for role in learning and memory
[Location: forms right next to/ off the edges of the cortex
- hippocampus has 3 layers of cells: This is unique bc other brain structures are just blobs
- swirly bit is the hippocampus ]
White Matter fiber types ***
- Association fibers – cortical to cortical connections ipsilaterally [stopping next door]
- Commissural fibers – cortical to cortical (mostly) connections running contralaterally [crossing the middle]
- Projection fibers – cortical to subcortical connections [away from cortex]
[white matter is axons bundling together to send information]
which lobe contributes to Cognition Problem-solving Language Expression of emotion Contributes to learning and memory Motor function
frontal
Superior temporal gyrus:
auditory association cortex; includes Wernicke’s area
Big chunk of brain close to the ear
temporal lobe function
They are most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory.
Can act as ‘thinking bypass’, triggering automatic reactions.
amygdala
T/F if the amygdala is involved in the fear response it will take a few seconds
FALSE: it is part of the low road so very fast
posterior side of spinal cord
(sensory side)
who supplies blood to the thalamus
posterior cerebral artery
dmh vs vmh
dmh: communicating between LHA and VMH
VMH: “satiety center”
