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Systems Neuroscience > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Select all that apply: Tastant information from taste cells is carried in which of the following:

  • Vesibulo-Cochlear Nerve CN8
  • Olfactory Nerve CN1
  • Trochlear Nerve CN4
  • Facial Nerve CN7
  • Trigeminal Nerve CN5
  • Glossopharyngeal CN9
  • Hypoglossal CN12
  • Vagus CN10
A
  • Facial Nerve CN7
  • Glossopharyngeal CN9
  • Vagus CN10
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2
Q

Which of the following presents the steps of odorant signal transduction in the correct order?

  • AC activates cAMP, Golf becomes active, Calcium opens calcium-gated Cl- channels so Cl- leaves cell, Voltage-gated sodium channels open
  • AC activates cAMP, Volage gated sodium channels open, Gold becomes active, Calcium opens calcium gated Cl- cahnnels so Cl- leaves cell
  • Golf becomes active, Calcium opens calcium-gated Cl-channels so Cl- leaves cell, AC activates cAMP, Voltage-gated sodium channels opn
  • Calcium opens calcium-gated Cl-channels so Cl-leaves cell, Golf becomes active, AC activates cAMP, Voltage-gated sodium channels open
  • Golf becomes active, AC activates cAMP, Calcium opens calcium gated Cl- channels so Cl- leaves cell, Voltage-gated sodium channels open
A

-Golf becomes active, AC activates cAMP, Calcium opens calcium gated Cl- channels so Cl- leaves cell, Voltage-gated sodium channels open

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3
Q

Which cells do olfactory receptor neurons synapse on?

  • periglomerular cells
  • granule cells
  • trufted cells
  • mitral cells
A

mitral cells

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4
Q

T/F: A glomerulus contains the dendritic bush of one mitral cell but many olfactory receptor axons

A

TRUE

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5
Q

The ____is most important for learning odorant combinations of different things (combinatorial coding)

  • entorhinal cortex
  • insular cortex
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • pyriform cortex
A

-pyriform cortex

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6
Q

The ____ seems to be particularly active during smell anticipation

  • amygdala
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • entorhinal cortex
  • pyriform cortex
A

-entorhinal cortex

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7
Q

Taste and olfactory information are combined in the ___________

A

orbitofrontal cortex

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8
Q

Cranial nerves carrying taste information synapse in ________

  • inferior colliculus
  • solitary nucleus
  • nucleus of the lateral lemniscus
  • ciliary ganglion
A

-solitary nucleus

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9
Q

Which nucleus of the thalamus is responsible for receiving and relaying taste information?

  • mediodorsal nucleus
  • ventral posterior medial nucleus
  • none of these are correct
  • ventral posterior lateral nucleus
A

-ventral posterior medial nucleus

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10
Q

Which part of the cortex is considered the primary taste/gustatory cortex?

  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • entorhinal cortex
  • prefrontal cortex
  • insular cortex
A

-insular cortex

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11
Q

Which tastant receptors are GPCRs (select all that apply)

  • sweet
  • bitter
  • sour
  • salt
  • umami
A
  • sweet
  • bitterq
  • umami
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12
Q

Which structure has the biggest role in learning taste and olfactory aversions?

A

amygdala

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13
Q

Which fibers carry touch information?

  • C fibers
  • Sensory afferent la fibers
  • A-delta fibers
  • A-beta fibers
A

-A-beta fibers

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14
Q

Which of the following are rapidly-adapting? (select all that apply)

  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Merkel cells
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • Ruffini corpuscles
A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles

- Pacinian corpuscles

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15
Q

Which of the following monitor skeletal muscle length?

  • Golgi tendon organs
  • muscle spindles
  • all of these monitor changes in muscle length
  • joint capsule receptors
A

-muscle spindles

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16
Q

Tactile information from the lower limbs synapses in the ______ where as tactile information from the upper limbs synapses in the ____, after which they ascend towards the thalamus

A

gracile nucleus

cuneate nucleus

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17
Q

Second order neurons in the spinal cord that carry tactile information from the body _______ the midline before they ascend to form the ________

A

cross

medial lemniscus

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18
Q

Tactile information from the face is carried by the

  • lateral spinothalamic tract
  • trigeminothalamic system
  • dorsal column-medial lemniscus
  • anterior spinothalamic tract
A

-trigeminothalamic system

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19
Q

Which part of the thalamus is responsible for receiving and relaying somatosensory information from the body?

  • mediodorsal nucleus
  • ventral posterior medial nucleus
  • ventral posterior lateral nucleus
  • medial geniculate nucleus
A

-ventral posterior lateral nucleus

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20
Q

Where are the bodies of the cells that innervate proprioceptors of the face located?

  • mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
  • principal nucleus
  • trigeminal ganglia
  • cervical dorsal root ganglia
A

-mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus

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21
Q

Information from the somatosensory thalamus terminates in ______ in the appropriate area of the primary somatosensory cortex

  • layer 2/3
  • layer 6
  • layer 4
  • multiple layers
A

-layer 4

22
Q

Which part of the cortex forms understanding of a stimulus like size, texture, and relationship of parts and would be helpful to you when you are trying to blindly reach out for your keys at the bottom of your bag?

  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • secondary somatosensory cortex
  • somatosensory association cortex
A

-somatosensory association cortex

23
Q

T/F The cell bodies of nociceptor nerve fibers reside in the dorsal root ganglia or trigeminal ganglion

A

TRUE

24
Q

First pain is sent via ______ which have axons of a _____ diameter than the axons that make up ______ fibers, which transmit second pain

A

A-Delta fibers, larger, C

25
Q

The dorsolateral tract of Lissauer contains the axons from the

  • axons from the second order neurons in the dorsal horn carrying nociceptive information from the body
  • nocicpetive axons transmitting pain information from the face
  • axons from the second order neurons in the trigeminal nucleus carrying nociceptive information from the face
  • nociceptive axons transmitting pain information from the body
  • none of these are correct
A

-nociceptive axons transmitting pain information from the body

26
Q

Which subdivision of the anterolateral system carries pain information?

  • medial lemniscus
  • anterior spinothalamic tract
  • lateral spinothalamic tract
  • pain from the face and the body is carried in different parts of the anterolateral system
  • dorsal columns
A

-lateral spinothalamic tract

27
Q

Axons carrying nociceptive information from the body

  • cross the midline after they synapse in the brainstem
  • cross the midline before ascending towards the brainstem
  • do not cross the midline
A

-cross the midline before ascending towards the brainstem

28
Q

Second pain, and the associated affective-motivational perception of it, is due to the primary somatosensory cortex relaying nociceptive information to other locations such as the reticular formation, amygdala and hypothalmus

T/F

A

FALSE

29
Q

Enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins

  • modulate your response to bodily pain at the level of the medulla
  • modulate your response to bodily pain at the level of the spinal cord
  • all of these are correct
  • modulate your response to bodily pain at the peripheral location where the pain is coming from
A

-modulate your response to bodily pain at the level of the spinal cord

30
Q

Which type of pain is hardest to treat? why?

A

neuropathic pain: cannot really treat it with surgery as this only recreates the problem, creating a mess of nerve fibers at the cut location

31
Q

Which population of cells are most likely responsible for referred pain?

  • none of these
  • cells in lamina V of the spinal cord
  • cells of the periaqueductal gray
  • cells in lamina II of the spinal cord
A

-cells in lamina V of the spinal cord

32
Q

auditory information projects to the _____ in the brainstem. From there, axons are sent to the _________ which measures interaural time differences, and the ________, which measures the difference in the sound intensity from the two ears

A

auditory information projects to the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem. From there, axons are sent to the medial superior olive, which measures interaural time differences, and the lateral superior olive, which measures the difference in the sound intensity from the two ears

33
Q

Which region of the cochlea has the highest K+ levels?

  • Scala vestibuli
  • scala media
  • spinal ganglion
  • scala tympani
A

-scala media

34
Q

Lesion of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is expected to affect:

  • sound localization
  • calculation of interarual time differences
  • all of these are correct
  • balance
A

-sound localization

35
Q

We believe the outer hair cells (OHCs)

  • all of these are correct
  • modify the stiffness of the basilar and/or tectorial membrane
  • help with amplification of low-level sounds
  • contribute to cochlear microphonics
A

-all of these are correct

36
Q

Name two reasons why unilateral hearing loss leads to hearing difficulties that see disproportional to what might be expected when you can still hear out of one ear

A

The shadow effect combined with the MSO not being able to receive inputs from both ears

37
Q

The part of the thalamus responsible for receiving and relaying auditory information is the

  • medial geniculate nucleus
  • ventral posterior lateral nucleus
  • ventral poster medial nucleus
  • lateral geniculate nucleus
A

-medial geniculate nucleus

38
Q

The utricle and saccule detect _______ movements and the labyrinth detects ______ movements

A

The utricle and saccule detect translational/linear movements and the labyrinth detects rotational movements

39
Q

What is the main job of the ossicles?

A

These three bones in your ear carry the sound from an air based medium on the tympanic membrane to strike the oval window that will carry the sound in a liquid

40
Q

Myopia or near-sightedness is characterized by corneal surface that is too curved that creates an inability to see (distant/near) objects and correct by a (concave/convex) lens

A

Myopia or near-sightedness is characterized by corneal surface that is too curved that creates an inability to see distant objects and correct by a concave lens

41
Q

A photoreceptor will ______ in response to light. This is due to _____

A

hyperpolarize

reduction of the continuous influx of Na+ and Ca2+ ions

42
Q

A lesion to _____ would lead to the complete loss of vision from one eye, whereas a lesion to _______ would lead to a deficit in the left view of the world from both eyes

see problem 42 !!!

A

A:
C:

43
Q

The central portion of your field of view is detected by the

  • nasal retina
  • temporal retina
  • the nasal and temporal retina, depending on which eye talking about
A

-temporal retina

44
Q

Which of the following are direct targets of the retinal ganglion cell axons (select all that apply)

  • striate cortex
  • inferior colliculus
  • pretectum
  • lateral geniculate nucleus
  • nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Superior colliculus
A
  • pretectum
  • lateral geniculate nucleus
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Superior colliculus
45
Q

When you test the pupillary light reflex of your patient, you find that there is no response in either pupil when shining light in the left eye, but normal responsiveness in both when shining it in the right eye. what is most likely the problem?

  • all of these explanations
  • damage to the left retina or optic nerve
  • damage to the motor outflow controlling the pupillary light response
  • a lesion in the striate cortex
A

-damage to the left retina or optic nerve

46
Q

neurons in the visual cortex respond to which type of stimulus?

  • center-surround light stimulation
  • bars or edges in a particular orientation
  • changes in luminescence
  • complex and irregular shapes
A

-bars or edges in a particular orientation

47
Q

T/F
The dorsal stream, which includes the medial temporal area (MT), leads from the striate cortex towards the parietal lobe and is responsible for high resolution vision and object recognition

A

FALSE

48
Q

On its way to the retina, light passes through tissues and fluids in which order?

  • sclera, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina
  • sclera, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, retina
  • cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, retina
  • cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina
  • cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, retina
A

-cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina

49
Q

Which of the following correctly matches rods and cones with their properties?

  • Rods: low sensitivity to light. Cones: color vision
  • Rods: high sensitivity to light. Cones: color vision
  • Rods: high sensitivity to light. Cones: low spatial resolution
  • Rods: high spatial resolution. Cones: color vision
A

-Rods: high sensitivity to light. Cones: color vision

50
Q

Where are photopigment molecules regenerated after exposure to light?

  • in the pigment epithelium
  • in the photoreceptor outer segment
  • in the vitreous humoe
  • in the photoreceptor inner segment
A

-in the pigment epithelium

51
Q

EC: As mention the professor has ???

A

myopia and presbyopia

Systems Neuroscience (24 decks)

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