Exam 2, Week 6: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base balance Flashcards
Who has a greater percentage of body water, older or younger people?
What about fat or thin?
Younger people have more body water than older people.
Thinner people have more body water than an obese person.
Fluid loss and gain happen all throughout the day. The body shifts fluids between compartments to keep equilibrium between spaces, but not all spaces participate in this equilibrium shift.
What are these spaces called that do NOT participate in this fluid shift?
Third-Spacing
Fluid that enters the spacing within joints or the abdominal cavity is called what?
How might this physically manifest in a joint?
Third-spacing
It can manifest as an edema.
Electrolytes are chemicals that carry a charge. What is a positive charged chemical called? What is a negative charged chemical called?
Positive is Cation
Negative is Anion
Hypovolemia, “Hypo-“ meaning “low”, and “-volemia” meaning “volume,” means that your vessels do not have what?
Vessels don’t have enough fluid to perfuse to vital organs.
The Major Cations in the body are what?
-Sodium (Na+)
-Potassium (K+)
-Magnesium (Mg++)
-Calcium (Ca+)
Hydrogen (H+)
The “blank” keep the fluid in the circulatory system. “blank” are there “guarding” your fluid in your circulatory system.
Albumin keep the fluid in the circulatory system. (Albu-MEN). Albumin is there “guarding” your fluid in your circulatory system.
Low Albumin levels can cause “x” spacing, and low Albumin levels can be due to toxicity of the “x”.
Low albumin can cause 3rd-spacing, and low albumin levels can be due to Liver toxicity.
What makes up the largest portion of the cations?
Sodium
What are the major anions?
-Chloride (Cl-)
-Bicarb (HCO3-
-Phosphate (Ph-)
-Sulfate
-Proteinate Ions
With diffusion, particles move from area’s of “blank” concentration, to area’s of “blank” concentration.
But Osmosis is different. Osmosis refers to the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. In Osmosis, water moves from area’s of “X” concentration, to areas of “Y” concentration.
With Tonicity, which refers to the “Solute” (The particles in the water), not solvent (The water), the rules follow that of Diffusion. Meaning, solutes move from “X” concentrations to “Y” concentrations.
Diffusion is High to low
Osmosis is water moving from low to high
Solutes (Tonicity) move from High to low, like diffusion.
The Sodium-Potassium pump uses Active Transport to move “X” the concentration gradient.
“Against” the concentration gradient
The Sodium-Potassium pump uses ATP to push “X” outside of the cell, and then allows the movement of “X” inside of the cell.
What is the type of transport being used to work the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the energy source being used to work the pump?
Sodium is moved outside of the cell, and potassium is moved inside of the cell.
Active Transport is used.
ATP is the energy source used to work the pump.
“The force of fluid in a compartment pushing against the cell membrane or a vessel wall.”
This is known as what?
a.) Partial Pressure
b.) Orthostatic force
c.) Hydrostatic pressure
d.) Hypervolemia
c.) Hydrostatic Pressure is the force of fluid in a compartment pushing against the cell membrane/vessel wall.
Filtration is the movement of fluid without the movement of solute particles.
So, the Hydrostatic pressure in a capillary can push fluids through, but the solutes don’t get to go through too. They remain in the vessel.
If fluids leave a capillary due to filtration, but the solutes stay, what would that mean for the concentration of the fluid that is left behind in the capillary?
The fluid left behind in the capillary becomes more concentrated with whatever solutes it had. Making fluid in the capillaries Hypertonic.
How many Liters a day does the body lose through urine/kidneys?
1-2L a day
The body can lose fluid through the skin, via a method called “Perspiration”, aka sweating.
Sweating is responsible for the loss in electrolytes.
What are the main electrolytes that are lost through Perspiration?
-Na+
-Cl-
-K+
What is the average range in electrolyte loss through perspiration?
a.) 0-1000mL/Hr
b.) 0-1000mg/Hr
c.) 1L a day
d.) 1-2g a day
a.) Average range of electrolyte loss through perspiration is 0-1000mL/Hr
Lungs are also responsible for fluid loss, through the expiration of water in the form of vapor.
What is the average fluid loss due to the lungs expelling vapors?
a.) 1L a day
b.) 500mL an hour
c.) 1000mL/Hr
d.) 300mL a day
d.) 300mL a day
The GI tract is another area of the body responsible for fluid lost. But luckily, many of the fluids used by the GI tract are actually reabsorbed into the body.
What is the average range is fluid lost due to the GI tract?
a.) 100-200mL a day
b.) 200-300mL a day
c.) 500mL a day
d.) 1L a day
a.) GI tract is responsible for 100-200mL of fluid lost a day
What are the receptors in the Left atrium and aortic arches of the heart that respond changes in response to blood volume changes?
How do they respond to these changes?
Baroreceptors are in the left atrium and aortic arches of the heart.
Baroreceptors Constrict or Dilate blood vessels.
The Endocrine system is basically a train that runs in a loop around the body.
The trains are the hormones, but the station is the Pituitary gland. It is in charge of the endocrine system and senses the needs of the body and adjusts hormone releases.
What are the 2 sections of the pituitary?
Which one controls more hormones?
The pituitary divides into the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland.
The posterior pituitary controls the least number of hormones, just 2.
What are the 2 hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary gland?
-Vasopressin (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)
-Oxytocin
Vasopressin is an ADH, an Anti-Diuretic-Hormone. Based off of this information, what would you assume is the target tissue/organ of Vasopressin?
What would its action be?
Vasopressin is an ADH which means it acts on the Kidneys.
Since it is an Anti-Diuretic, it promotes water reabsorption.
Diuretics promote water expulsion.
