Exam 2 (Week 4 Course Notes) Flashcards
Descible the “slings” that happen in the back
the slings are the combination of the lats and the gluteus max. when the Left lat fires, so does the R gluteus max. works in these fascial slings.
what are the muscles of the intermediate layer of the back
the serratus posterior superior and the serratus posterior inferior
what supplies the serratus posterior and inferior
the ventral primary rami
superior: T2-T5 Ventral primary rami
inferior: T9-T12 ventral primary rami
what are the layers of the deep part of the back muscles
superficial group: splenius group
intermediate layer: erector spinae group
deep layer: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
what are the three layers of the erector spinae group
iliocostalis (most lateral)
longissimus
spinalis (most medial)
what is a good saying to remember the order of the erector spinae muscles
I love Standing
the iliocostalis is most lateral, then the longissimus then the spinalis
what nerve supplies the erector spinae group
the dorsal primary rami
what are the subdivisions of the groups of the Erector spinae muscles
- the iliocostalis group ha the cervicis, thoracis and the lumborum
- the longissimus group has the capitis, cervicis and the thoracis.
the spinal cord is continuous with the ___ of the ____
medulla oblongata of the brain stem
where are the two enlargements that are associated with a plexus
cervical and lumbosacral
where does the spinal cord terminate
L1-L2
what is the blunt inferior end of the spinal cord called
the conus medullaris
where does the spinal cord attach inferiorly? and what is that distal attachment called
to the coccyx, via the filum terminale
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there. what are the regional distributions of them
31 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal spinal nerve
describe the exit pattern of spinal nerves
- C1
- C1-C7
- C8
- T1-S4
- S5 and Co1
C1 exits between the occiput and the atlas
C1-7 exit above the vertebral body for which they are named.
C8 exits below C7
T1 to S4 exit below their proper vertebrate
S5 and Co1 exit via the sacral hiatus
what is the cauna equina
-how far down does it go
formation of spinal nerves (still within the canal)
Descends to the termination of the spinal cord
in what is the cauna equina housed
in the menengies within the lumbar cistern
what kind of nerves pass through the cauna equina
lower lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
what two things make up a spinal nerve
the ventral and dorsal root
what kind of information is carried on ventral and dorsal roots. where are their cell bodies found
the ventral (anterior root) has motor information. cell bodies in grey matter
the dorsal (posterior root) has the sensory information and the cell bodies are in the ganglion.
Where is the ganglion located
in the intervertebral foramen
what happens to the roots. where do they pass
they merge to make a spinal nerve which passes through the intervertebral foramen
a spinal nerve splits into…
a ventral and dorsal primary rami
where do the ventral primary rami travel, and what kind of information do they have
what do they supply
they travel anteriorly with sensory and motor information. they form plexuses.
what are the levels of the 4 plexuses
cervical c1-c4
brachial c5-t1
lumbar t12-l5
sacral l4-s5
spinal cords travel along the ribs as
intercostal nerves
where do the dorsal primary rami travel, and what kind of information do they have
what do they supply
travel to the back to provide the muscles between the angles of the ribs, the skin over the back and other structures of the back
what are the three layers of the menengies and describe each one
- the dense fibrous dura mater is the outermost layer
- the arachnoid mater is next, delicate layer that with the Pia mater make up the subarachnoid space, where projections of the arachnoid mater travel to the Pia mater. filled with CSF
- finally the very intimate inner layer the Pia mater. Directly around the spinal cord and continuous with the Pia mater of the brain.
dermatomes and myotomes
the area of skin or the mass of muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve
c3 dermatome
lateral base of neck
c4 dermatome
over AC joint
c5 dermatome
lateral aspect of the arm
c6 dermatome
dorsal aspect of the thumb web space
c7 dermatome
dorsal aspect of the middle finger
c8 dermatome
medial border of the fifth metacarpal
T1 dermatome
medial forearm
T2 dermatome
medial arm and axilla
L1 dermatome
inguinal
L2 dermatome
anterior thigh
L3 dermatome
medial knee
L4 dermatome
medial malleolus
L5 dermatome
distal medial dorsal of the foot
S1 dermatome
lateral border of the foot
S2 dermatome
medial/posterior calcaneus
C3-4 myotome
scapular elevation
C5 myotome
shoulder abduction
C6 myotome
elbow flexion and wrist extension
C7 myotome
elbow extension, wrist flexion and finger extension
C8 myotome
finger flexion
T1 myotome
finger abduction and adduction
L2-3 myotome
hip flexion
L3-4 myotome
knee extension
L4-5 myotome
ankle dorsiflexion
L5-S1 myotome
great toe extension, knee flexion and ankle eversion
S1-2 myotome
plantarflexion
S2-3 myotome
toe flexion
C5,6,7 muscle stretch reflex
C5: biceps brachii
C6: biceps brachia and brachioradialis
C7: Triceps
L3-4 and S1-2 muscle reflexes
L3-4: quads
S1-2: gastroc-soleus
neurodynamics looks at
movement and movement dysfunction of the CNS
what does neurodynamics rely on
the continuous nature of the nervous system
what two things do neurodynamic tests test for
for the mechanical tolerances and sensitivity to the nervous system
true or false: it is normal to experience stretch or discomfort or even paresthesias during neurodynamic testing
TRUE
what might be evident with a positive neurodynamic test
- reproduction of familiar symptoms
- responses on both sides differ
- structural differentiation (trying to figure out if it is a mobility or sensitivity issue)
is the vertebral canal longer in flexion or extension and by how much
in flexion, by 7-10 cm.
how is the spinal cord neurodynamically sufficient
it can stretch and elongate and also relax to changes in tension and position. the neural contents can slide within he canal
can the spinal nerves slide in the canal
yes
which part of the spinal cord is more folded and twisted
the posterior part
is the posterior part of the spinal cord closer or further away from the instantaneous axis or rotation
further away
does the anterior or posterior part of the spinal cord have more inbuilt slack to accommodate spinal flexion. what makes this so
the posterior part
the dura mater and its elastin content
does the anterior or posterior part of the dura mater have more elastin content
posterior (has about 14%) whereas the anterior has about 7
what happens to the spinal cord during spinal extension
shortens the cord. and folds the spinal cord
