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Anatomy I Take II > Exam 2 (Week 3) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Week 3) Flashcards

1
Q

the vertebral column goes from the ___ to the ____

A

the cranium to the coccyx

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2
Q

what amount of height comes from the IVD

A

1/4

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3
Q

how many bones are in the vertebral column. break the down

A 
there are 33
7 cervical
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar
5 sacral 
4 coccygeal
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4
Q

where do the two normal lordosis and two normal kyphosis exist

A

the two lordosis are at the cervical and lumbar and the kyphosis are at the thoracic and the sacral

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5
Q

how does a lordosis and kyphosis look

A

the lordosis looks like a concavity and the kyphosis is like a hunch.

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6
Q

purpose of the vertebral body

A

weight bearing

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7
Q

vertebral foramina

A

made by the arch and the body holds the spinal cord in the vertebral canal

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8
Q

canal

A

spinal cord and coverings

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9
Q

spinous process protrudes ____ and is formed by the meeting of the two ____.
its function

A

posteriorly, and the lamina.

its function is for the attachments of muscles of the back that will stabilize of change position of the vertebrate

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10
Q

Transverse process

  • what attaches to these in the t-spine
  • what are they formed from (the meeting of)
A
  • the costal segments

- the pedicle and lamina

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11
Q

what two things form the facet joints

A

the superior and inferior processes

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12
Q

what part of the vertebrate does the superior and inferior processes come off of.
what do they form?

A

the lamina

the ZPJ facet joints

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13
Q

what two things make the intervertebral foramen

A

the superior and inferior vertebral notches.

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14
Q

how many processes are on a typical vertebrate

what are they

A

7

  • spinous process
  • two transverse processes
  • four articular processes (2 sup and 2 inf)
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15
Q

vertebral body composition

A

spongy (trabecular) bone surrounded by compact bone

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16
Q

what lies in the meshwork of the trabecular bone

A

red marrow

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17
Q

what veins drain the red marrow

A

the basivertebral

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18
Q

how can I tell the difference between a pedicle and a lamina

A

the pedicle go back posteriorly, and the lamina meet at the midline

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19
Q

whats so special about the intervertebral foramina

A

this is where the spinal nerve exists, and where the posterior root ganglion is present

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20
Q

function of the ZPJ

A

to keep vertebrate aligned and to bear weight (only when rising from a flexed position of lateral flexion of the neck)

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21
Q

what constitutes the upper c-spine

A

the occiput and the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2)

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22
Q

some characteristics of the c-spine

A

-mobility

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23
Q

orientation of articular facets in the C-spine

A

are horizontal which means lots of movement.

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24
Q

foramen transversarium

A

found in all but the C7, which is where the vertebral arteries and veins pass.

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25
Q

how are nerves named in the c-spine

A

for the body of which they come out from above

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26
Q

the articular facet is on which aspect of the anterior tubercle

A

the posterior aspect

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27
Q

what parts of the spinal nerve come out on the grooves

A

the anterior primary rami

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28
Q

the anterior tubercle of C6 is called the

A

carotid tubercles because the carotid artery can be compressed here.

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29
Q

between C3 to C7 what movement can occur here

A

flexion and extension

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30
Q

what is the purpose for the tubercles of the transverse ligament

A

to secure the dens

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31
Q

the anterior and posterior knobs of the atlas are for the attachment of what

A

the anterior knobs are for the flexors and the posterior knob is for the extensors

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32
Q

what do the superior and inferior facets on the atlas attach to

A

the superior facet attached to the occiput and the inferior facet with the axis (C2)

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33
Q

what are the four parts of the vertebral artery

A

the four parts are
1- when it comes off of the subclavian
2- when it goes through the foramen transversarium from C6 and up
3- when it goes around the lateral mass of C1
4- when it goes to meet up with the basilar artery (enters the vertebral canal)

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34
Q

where is the vertebral artery most vulnerable

A

between C1 and C2 because that is where is takes a 90 degree turn

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35
Q

why do we want to be careful with end-range c-spine rotation

A

we want to be careful of putting a stretch or a strain on the contralateral vertebral artery

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36
Q

uncinate processes are…

A

raised lateral edges on the bodies

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37
Q

what is the joint called where the uncinate processes meet

A

the Joint of Lushcka or the uncovertebral joint.

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38
Q

is the uncovertebral joint a synovial joint? why or why not

A

no! there is no synovial membrane or fluid, and no hyaline cartilage

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39
Q

what is a unique characteristic of most of the cervical SP’s. and whats the exception

A

they are usually bifid (except C7 which is the longest)

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40
Q

two unique features of C7

A

there is one long spinous process and the vertebral artery does not pass here

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41
Q

what is the orientation of the ZPJ in the cervical spine. Describe it

A

they are at a 45 degree angle. the posterior part is more inferior, the anterior part is superior

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42
Q

what direction do the superior and inferior articular processes face

A

The superior articular process faces posteriorly and upward

the inferior faces downward and anteriorly

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43
Q

what are two main functions of the ZPJ and the uncovertebral joints

A

they stabilize and prevent excessive motion (extreme torsional forces)

44
Q

where do the processes grow for the joints of Luschka

A

they grow on the superior part of the body, on the lateral edges and grow up towards the body above

45
Q

describe what tissue the uncovertebral joints grow from and its development

A

grows from loose vascular fibrous tissue laterally to the annulus.
forms the UV joint by age 7-8, filled with fibrocartilage

46
Q

what kind of cartilage lines a UV joint

A

fibrocartilage

47
Q

why does the UV joint ossify as you age

A

increased dehydration, the height of the IVD decreases and you increase the load on them

48
Q

what two structures does the Cervical spine depend on for stability

A

the ZPJ and the posterior muscles and ligaments

49
Q

what happens to the disc as the uncus grows

A

the disc will begin to fissure horizontally

50
Q

what is the purpose of this horizontal fissuring CHECK THIS

A

to concentrate the plane of shear to this narrow horizontal band within the lateral annulus

51
Q

how does this fissuring change the IVD

A

there is separation between the superior and inferior parts, so during flexion and extension, there is ample room for translation to occur.

52
Q

are there prolapses, extrusions or sequestrations of the cervical spine why or why not

A

no! because of the UV joints and “bivalve discs”

53
Q

true or false: most radiculopathies are from the lower c-spine

A

TRUE!

54
Q

what kinds of motion do the AO and AA joint provide

A

the Atlanta-occipital joint (O and C1) provide flexion and extension, whereas the Atlanta-axial joint does rotation

55
Q

what does the transverse cervical ligament do

A

it prevents the dens from moving into the spinal cord. Prevents the movement of C1 sliding forward on C2 (which would cause the dens to hit/crush the spinal cord)

56
Q

the PLL turns into what from the level of C2 to the occiput

A

the tectorial membrane

57
Q

what are the three parts of the cruciate ligement

A

the superior longitudinal band, the inferior longitudinal band and the transverse cervical ligament

58
Q

when you rotate your head to the left, ____ rotates on a stationary ____

A

C1 rotates on the dens of stationary C2

59
Q

why is the transverse ligament so important with forward flexion

A

the C1 body and the head will move forward from C2, so this ligament prevents it fro moving too far forward to disrupt the spinal cord.

60
Q

at what joint does flexion and extension occur C-spine

A

the O-C1 joint

61
Q

where does rotation occur in the C-spine

A

C1-C2

62
Q

what other kind of movement is going to be present with lateral flexion. where is it greatest

A

there will be ipsilateral axial rotation

greatest at C1-C2???? CHECK THIS

63
Q

why is the t-spine the least mobile (what is more rigid than this)

A

because of the IVD height to body ratio (1:5) and also because of the ribcage. obviously the fused sacrum is more rigid than this

64
Q

which direction (posteriorly or anteriorly) are the thoracic vertebrate bodies higher, and why

A

they are higher posteriorly, which leads to the natural kyphosis of the T-spine

65
Q

what are the posteriorly lateral Demi facets on T-vertebrate for

A

the articulation of the ribs

66
Q

where do the ribs articulate to the T-spine. Ribs 10, 11 and 12 are an exception… how so

A

to all the Demi facets and IVD of the T-spine

ribs 10, 11 and 12 do not attach to the IVD, just the bodies

67
Q

pedicles of the T-spine go/protrude directly ___

A

posterior

68
Q

orientation of the superior and inferior articular facets. what does this orientation mean in terms of movement and motions

A

they are where the pedicle and lamina meet
the superior one faces posteriorly, 60 degrees from the horizontal (which gives a lot of rotation) and 20 degrees from the frontal, (which limits extension, and fair amount of flexion)

the inferior facets face anteriorly and slightly inferiorly and medially

69
Q

spinous processes in the t-spine follow the______

A

rule of threes

70
Q

what is the rule of Threes

A

T1-T3: SP at level of Vert body
T4-6: SP half a level below body, at the IVD
T7-9: a while level below the body
T10: one whole body below
T11: half of a body below (in line with IVD)
T12: same level

71
Q

what are the bones of the thoracic wall

A

there are the 12 thoracic vertebrate, then the 12 ribs and the sternum

72
Q

of the 12 ribs, how many of which kind

A

there are

  • 7 true ribs (vertebrosternal) which attach right to the sternum
  • 3 vertebrocostal ribs, which happen to be false. attach to the sternum, via cartilage
  • 3 vertebral ribs, also false. do not attach to the sternum at all (ribs 11 and 12 are floating).
73
Q

what is the angle of louie

A

the junction between the sternum and the manubrium

74
Q

on the thoracic vertebrate, there are two articulation points for the ribs. what part of the ribs articulate where

A

the head of the rib articulates with the body facets and the tubercle of the rib articulates with the TP (costotransverse joint)

75
Q

radiate ligament is found…

A

around the head of the rib to the vertebral body

76
Q

the superior costotransverse ligament is the ligament to attach

A

the superior surface of the rib to the TP of the vertebrate superior to it

77
Q

what are the disc to body height ratio for the entire spine

A

c-spine 2:5
t spine 1:5
l spine 1:3

so the disc is the thinnest compared to the body in the thoracic spine.

78
Q

why is the annulus stronger in the t-spine

A

to help resist rotational stress

79
Q

costovertebral joint. why is a blow to the ribs bad

A

connects the head of the rib to the body. a blow to the ribs can disrupt the annulus

80
Q

interarticular ligament

A

connects to the IVD

81
Q

what are the two parts of the tubercle for the rib

A

one is the part for its joint between the TP, the other is the part for the lateral costotransverse ligament.

82
Q

why does the head of the rib have two articular facets

A

For the Demi facets on the vertebrate

83
Q

what parts of what attach at the costovertebral joints

A

the head of the rib attaches to the superior Demi facet of the corresponding vertebrate, and the inferior facet of the vertebrate above

84
Q

what kind of joints are the ribs. what kind of movement

A

synovial plane joints. gliding

85
Q

radiate vs the interarticular ligaments

A

the radiate ligament connects the rib with the bodies of two IVD
the interarticular ligament connects the rib to the IVD

86
Q

costotransverse joint
-what does it attach
-what supports it (sup, laterally and posteriorly)
type of joint

A

tubercle of the rib to the TP associated
supported superiorly and laterally by the superior and lateral costotransverse ligaments. supported posteriorly by the costotransverse ligament.
SYNOVIAL PLANE

87
Q

Costochondral joint

  • what kind of joint
  • what does it attach
  • which part is convex and concave
  • medical condition associated
A

sterna part of the rib with the costal cartilage

Primary cartilaginous joint

rib is concave and the costocartilage is convex

Costochondritis (sprained joint and irritation)

88
Q

Sternocostal joint

  • attaches what
  • what kinds of joints
  • what ligaments support this
A

costal cartilage with the manubrium and sternum
-rib 1 is a primary cartilaginous joint
ribs 2-7 are synovial plane joints
- supported by the anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments

89
Q

what happens during inspiration

  • vertical
  • transverse
  • A/P
A

vertical: disparage contracts and moves lower (which increases the vertical volume of the cage)
transverse: bucket handle movement of the ribs (primarily 8,9,10 costochondral ribs)
A/P: pump handle action of the ribs (primarily ribs 1-7)

90
Q

what covers the superior and inferior surfaces of a lumbar vertebrate. what is this area called

A

cartilage, at the end plate

91
Q

at which sacral level is the base of the sacrum

A

s1

92
Q

in the sacrum, what passes out of the anterior and posterior foramina?

A

the vernal roots for s1-s4 pass out of the anterior foramina, and the posterior primary rami pass out of the posterior foramina

93
Q

what would it be called if there was slippage of L5 on S1

A

an anterolisthesis

94
Q

spodylolisthesis is slippage in the ____ direction

A

anterior

95
Q

where can you inject people in the sacrum

A

in the hiatus, and into the spinal canal

96
Q

what are the boundaries of the intervertebral foramina

A
  • inferior vertebral notch (from above)
  • posterior lateral wall of the IVD
  • Superior vertebral notch (from below)
  • ZPJ
97
Q

what are the two components of the IVD

A

the two components are the annulus fibrosis and the nucleus pulposes

98
Q

characteristics of the nucleus pulposes

A
  • proteoglycan
  • hydrophilic (absorbs fluid)
  • 90% fluid at birth, then decreases to 70%
  • conforms to pressure
  • acts like a sponge and takes fluid from the end plate
  • no blood
99
Q

how does the N.P. act like a sponge

A

it absorbs fluid from the end plates

100
Q

how is the N.P. situated in the Lumbar vs the thoracic spine

A

in the L-spine, it sits more posteriorly

in the t-spine, it sits more anteriorly

101
Q

what is the weakest part of the disc

A

the posterior-lateral part

102
Q

what tissue is the annulus fibrosis

A

it is laminated fibrocartilage

103
Q

how many lamella are there usually in the A.F.

A

usually 16-24

104
Q

what makes the outer fibers pain sensitive in the A.F.

A

the recurrent meningeal nerve. (and the Sinuvertebral nerve)

105
Q

does the A.F. have a blood supply. where does it come from

A

no, it comes from the cancellous bone of the bodies above and below

106
Q

the relationship between fluid and movement of the A.F.

A

when the body moves and relaxes, the fluids can be circulated at the end-plates. only nutrients will enter, never blood

Anatomy I Take II (7 decks)

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