Exam 2 (Week 3) Flashcards
the vertebral column goes from the ___ to the ____
the cranium to the coccyx
what amount of height comes from the IVD
1/4
how many bones are in the vertebral column. break the down
there are 33 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal
where do the two normal lordosis and two normal kyphosis exist
the two lordosis are at the cervical and lumbar and the kyphosis are at the thoracic and the sacral
how does a lordosis and kyphosis look
the lordosis looks like a concavity and the kyphosis is like a hunch.
purpose of the vertebral body
weight bearing
vertebral foramina
made by the arch and the body holds the spinal cord in the vertebral canal
canal
spinal cord and coverings
spinous process protrudes ____ and is formed by the meeting of the two ____.
its function
posteriorly, and the lamina.
its function is for the attachments of muscles of the back that will stabilize of change position of the vertebrate
Transverse process
- what attaches to these in the t-spine
- what are they formed from (the meeting of)
- the costal segments
- the pedicle and lamina
what two things form the facet joints
the superior and inferior processes
what part of the vertebrate does the superior and inferior processes come off of.
what do they form?
the lamina
the ZPJ facet joints
what two things make the intervertebral foramen
the superior and inferior vertebral notches.
how many processes are on a typical vertebrate
what are they
7
- spinous process
- two transverse processes
- four articular processes (2 sup and 2 inf)
vertebral body composition
spongy (trabecular) bone surrounded by compact bone
what lies in the meshwork of the trabecular bone
red marrow
what veins drain the red marrow
the basivertebral
how can I tell the difference between a pedicle and a lamina
the pedicle go back posteriorly, and the lamina meet at the midline
whats so special about the intervertebral foramina
this is where the spinal nerve exists, and where the posterior root ganglion is present
function of the ZPJ
to keep vertebrate aligned and to bear weight (only when rising from a flexed position of lateral flexion of the neck)
what constitutes the upper c-spine
the occiput and the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2)
some characteristics of the c-spine
-mobility
orientation of articular facets in the C-spine
are horizontal which means lots of movement.
foramen transversarium
found in all but the C7, which is where the vertebral arteries and veins pass.
how are nerves named in the c-spine
for the body of which they come out from above
the articular facet is on which aspect of the anterior tubercle
the posterior aspect
what parts of the spinal nerve come out on the grooves
the anterior primary rami
the anterior tubercle of C6 is called the
carotid tubercles because the carotid artery can be compressed here.
between C3 to C7 what movement can occur here
flexion and extension
what is the purpose for the tubercles of the transverse ligament
to secure the dens
the anterior and posterior knobs of the atlas are for the attachment of what
the anterior knobs are for the flexors and the posterior knob is for the extensors
what do the superior and inferior facets on the atlas attach to
the superior facet attached to the occiput and the inferior facet with the axis (C2)
what are the four parts of the vertebral artery
the four parts are
1- when it comes off of the subclavian
2- when it goes through the foramen transversarium from C6 and up
3- when it goes around the lateral mass of C1
4- when it goes to meet up with the basilar artery (enters the vertebral canal)
where is the vertebral artery most vulnerable
between C1 and C2 because that is where is takes a 90 degree turn
why do we want to be careful with end-range c-spine rotation
we want to be careful of putting a stretch or a strain on the contralateral vertebral artery
uncinate processes are…
raised lateral edges on the bodies
what is the joint called where the uncinate processes meet
the Joint of Lushcka or the uncovertebral joint.
is the uncovertebral joint a synovial joint? why or why not
no! there is no synovial membrane or fluid, and no hyaline cartilage
what is a unique characteristic of most of the cervical SP’s. and whats the exception
they are usually bifid (except C7 which is the longest)
two unique features of C7
there is one long spinous process and the vertebral artery does not pass here
what is the orientation of the ZPJ in the cervical spine. Describe it
they are at a 45 degree angle. the posterior part is more inferior, the anterior part is superior
what direction do the superior and inferior articular processes face
The superior articular process faces posteriorly and upward
the inferior faces downward and anteriorly
what are two main functions of the ZPJ and the uncovertebral joints
they stabilize and prevent excessive motion (extreme torsional forces)
where do the processes grow for the joints of Luschka
they grow on the superior part of the body, on the lateral edges and grow up towards the body above
describe what tissue the uncovertebral joints grow from and its development
grows from loose vascular fibrous tissue laterally to the annulus.
forms the UV joint by age 7-8, filled with fibrocartilage
what kind of cartilage lines a UV joint
fibrocartilage
why does the UV joint ossify as you age
increased dehydration, the height of the IVD decreases and you increase the load on them
what two structures does the Cervical spine depend on for stability
the ZPJ and the posterior muscles and ligaments
what happens to the disc as the uncus grows
the disc will begin to fissure horizontally
what is the purpose of this horizontal fissuring CHECK THIS
to concentrate the plane of shear to this narrow horizontal band within the lateral annulus
how does this fissuring change the IVD
there is separation between the superior and inferior parts, so during flexion and extension, there is ample room for translation to occur.
are there prolapses, extrusions or sequestrations of the cervical spine why or why not
no! because of the UV joints and “bivalve discs”
true or false: most radiculopathies are from the lower c-spine
TRUE!
what kinds of motion do the AO and AA joint provide
the Atlanta-occipital joint (O and C1) provide flexion and extension, whereas the Atlanta-axial joint does rotation
what does the transverse cervical ligament do
it prevents the dens from moving into the spinal cord. Prevents the movement of C1 sliding forward on C2 (which would cause the dens to hit/crush the spinal cord)
the PLL turns into what from the level of C2 to the occiput
the tectorial membrane
what are the three parts of the cruciate ligement
the superior longitudinal band, the inferior longitudinal band and the transverse cervical ligament
when you rotate your head to the left, ____ rotates on a stationary ____
C1 rotates on the dens of stationary C2
why is the transverse ligament so important with forward flexion
the C1 body and the head will move forward from C2, so this ligament prevents it fro moving too far forward to disrupt the spinal cord.
at what joint does flexion and extension occur C-spine
the O-C1 joint
where does rotation occur in the C-spine
C1-C2
what other kind of movement is going to be present with lateral flexion. where is it greatest
there will be ipsilateral axial rotation
greatest at C1-C2???? CHECK THIS
why is the t-spine the least mobile (what is more rigid than this)
because of the IVD height to body ratio (1:5) and also because of the ribcage. obviously the fused sacrum is more rigid than this
which direction (posteriorly or anteriorly) are the thoracic vertebrate bodies higher, and why
they are higher posteriorly, which leads to the natural kyphosis of the T-spine
what are the posteriorly lateral Demi facets on T-vertebrate for
the articulation of the ribs
where do the ribs articulate to the T-spine. Ribs 10, 11 and 12 are an exception… how so
to all the Demi facets and IVD of the T-spine
ribs 10, 11 and 12 do not attach to the IVD, just the bodies
pedicles of the T-spine go/protrude directly ___
posterior
orientation of the superior and inferior articular facets. what does this orientation mean in terms of movement and motions
they are where the pedicle and lamina meet
the superior one faces posteriorly, 60 degrees from the horizontal (which gives a lot of rotation) and 20 degrees from the frontal, (which limits extension, and fair amount of flexion)
the inferior facets face anteriorly and slightly inferiorly and medially
spinous processes in the t-spine follow the______
rule of threes
what is the rule of Threes
T1-T3: SP at level of Vert body
T4-6: SP half a level below body, at the IVD
T7-9: a while level below the body
T10: one whole body below
T11: half of a body below (in line with IVD)
T12: same level
what are the bones of the thoracic wall
there are the 12 thoracic vertebrate, then the 12 ribs and the sternum
of the 12 ribs, how many of which kind
there are
- 7 true ribs (vertebrosternal) which attach right to the sternum
- 3 vertebrocostal ribs, which happen to be false. attach to the sternum, via cartilage
- 3 vertebral ribs, also false. do not attach to the sternum at all (ribs 11 and 12 are floating).
what is the angle of louie
the junction between the sternum and the manubrium
on the thoracic vertebrate, there are two articulation points for the ribs. what part of the ribs articulate where
the head of the rib articulates with the body facets and the tubercle of the rib articulates with the TP (costotransverse joint)
radiate ligament is found…
around the head of the rib to the vertebral body
the superior costotransverse ligament is the ligament to attach
the superior surface of the rib to the TP of the vertebrate superior to it
what are the disc to body height ratio for the entire spine
c-spine 2:5
t spine 1:5
l spine 1:3
so the disc is the thinnest compared to the body in the thoracic spine.
why is the annulus stronger in the t-spine
to help resist rotational stress
costovertebral joint. why is a blow to the ribs bad
connects the head of the rib to the body. a blow to the ribs can disrupt the annulus
interarticular ligament
connects to the IVD
what are the two parts of the tubercle for the rib
one is the part for its joint between the TP, the other is the part for the lateral costotransverse ligament.
why does the head of the rib have two articular facets
For the Demi facets on the vertebrate
what parts of what attach at the costovertebral joints
the head of the rib attaches to the superior Demi facet of the corresponding vertebrate, and the inferior facet of the vertebrate above
what kind of joints are the ribs. what kind of movement
synovial plane joints. gliding
radiate vs the interarticular ligaments
the radiate ligament connects the rib with the bodies of two IVD
the interarticular ligament connects the rib to the IVD
costotransverse joint
-what does it attach
-what supports it (sup, laterally and posteriorly)
type of joint
tubercle of the rib to the TP associated
supported superiorly and laterally by the superior and lateral costotransverse ligaments. supported posteriorly by the costotransverse ligament.
SYNOVIAL PLANE
Costochondral joint
- what kind of joint
- what does it attach
- which part is convex and concave
- medical condition associated
sterna part of the rib with the costal cartilage
Primary cartilaginous joint
rib is concave and the costocartilage is convex
Costochondritis (sprained joint and irritation)
Sternocostal joint
- attaches what
- what kinds of joints
- what ligaments support this
costal cartilage with the manubrium and sternum
-rib 1 is a primary cartilaginous joint
ribs 2-7 are synovial plane joints
- supported by the anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments
what happens during inspiration
- vertical
- transverse
- A/P
vertical: disparage contracts and moves lower (which increases the vertical volume of the cage)
transverse: bucket handle movement of the ribs (primarily 8,9,10 costochondral ribs)
A/P: pump handle action of the ribs (primarily ribs 1-7)
what covers the superior and inferior surfaces of a lumbar vertebrate. what is this area called
cartilage, at the end plate
at which sacral level is the base of the sacrum
s1
in the sacrum, what passes out of the anterior and posterior foramina?
the vernal roots for s1-s4 pass out of the anterior foramina, and the posterior primary rami pass out of the posterior foramina
what would it be called if there was slippage of L5 on S1
an anterolisthesis
spodylolisthesis is slippage in the ____ direction
anterior
where can you inject people in the sacrum
in the hiatus, and into the spinal canal
what are the boundaries of the intervertebral foramina
- inferior vertebral notch (from above)
- posterior lateral wall of the IVD
- Superior vertebral notch (from below)
- ZPJ
what are the two components of the IVD
the two components are the annulus fibrosis and the nucleus pulposes
characteristics of the nucleus pulposes
- proteoglycan
- hydrophilic (absorbs fluid)
- 90% fluid at birth, then decreases to 70%
- conforms to pressure
- acts like a sponge and takes fluid from the end plate
- no blood
how does the N.P. act like a sponge
it absorbs fluid from the end plates
how is the N.P. situated in the Lumbar vs the thoracic spine
in the L-spine, it sits more posteriorly
in the t-spine, it sits more anteriorly
what is the weakest part of the disc
the posterior-lateral part
what tissue is the annulus fibrosis
it is laminated fibrocartilage
how many lamella are there usually in the A.F.
usually 16-24
what makes the outer fibers pain sensitive in the A.F.
the recurrent meningeal nerve. (and the Sinuvertebral nerve)
does the A.F. have a blood supply. where does it come from
no, it comes from the cancellous bone of the bodies above and below
the relationship between fluid and movement of the A.F.
when the body moves and relaxes, the fluids can be circulated at the end-plates. only nutrients will enter, never blood
