Exam 2 - WBC

Question 1

Which cells in our body form the first line of defense from invading micro-organisms?

Answer 1

WBCs (leukocytes)

Question 2

What distinguishes a WBC from a RBC?

Answer 2

WBCs have a nucleus

Question 3

What are the two major groups of WBCs?

Answer 3

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 4

What types of WBCs are granulocytes?

Answer 4

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 5

What types of WBCs are agranulocytes?

Answer 5

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 6

What is the term for the process by which WBCs differentiate and proliferate?

Answer 6

Leukopoiesis

Question 7

Where does WBC differentiation and proliferation occur?

Answer 7

Bone marrow (except for lymphocytes which can take place in the thymus, as well)

Question 8

Which type of WBC can also develop in the thymus as well as the bone marrow?

Answer 8

Lymphocytes

Question 9

How long does it take to get from a blast stage of a WBC to a mature stage and enter peripheral blood?

Answer 9

14 days

Question 10

What type of WBC functions in allergies, drug reactions, and parasitic reactions?

Answer 10

Eosinophils

Question 11

Which WBC contains histamine and heparin and functions in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 11

Basophils

Question 12

Which WBC has the function to combat pyogenic infections?

Answer 12

Neutrophils

Question 13

Which WBC functions to fight off viral infections?

Answer 13

Lymphocytes

Question 14

What is the function of monocytes?

Answer 14

To help neutrophils

Question 15

What is another term of neutrophilic leukocytosis?

Answer 15

Neutrophilia

Question 16

What is diagnostic for leukopenia?

Answer 16

WBC count falling below 5,000

Question 17

Is a fever with a high white blood cell count usually bacterial or viral?

Answer 17

Bacterial

Question 18

Is a low to moderate fever with decreased WBCs usually bacterial or viral?

Answer 18

Viral (antibiotics do the same)

Question 19

Which tend to be worse: bacterial or viral infections?

Answer 19

Bacterial

Question 20

How many WBCs are counted by a tech to arrive at a differential?

Answer 20

100

Question 21

What is the difference between a left and right shift when classifying white blood cells?

Answer 21

Right = more mature cells, Left = more immature cells like blasts and pros

Question 22

What are segs?

Answer 22

Neutrophils (segmented cells)

Question 23

What is the first line of defense for neutrophils?

Answer 23

Phagocytosis

Question 24

Hyper segmented neutrophils are seen with what kind of anemia?

Answer 24

Megaloblastic

Question 25

Increased bands means a WBC shift in which direction?

Answer 25

Left (seen with infections/inflammation)

Question 26

What is the difference in function between B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes?

Answer 26

B = tag foreign bodies and antibody production; T = kill foreign bodies

Question 27

What is the final maturation stage of B lymphocytes?

Answer 27

Plasma cell

Question 28

Are the majority of lymphocytes long or short lived?

Answer 28

Long (as long as 10 years)

Question 29

Which is responsible for humoral immunity: B or T lymphocytes? Cellular immunity?

Answer 29

Humoral = B; Cellular = T

Question 30

Lymphophilia is more commonly due to what type of infection?

Answer 30

Viral

Question 31

An inverted ratio (lymphocytes > neutrophils) is normal up to what age?

Answer 31

9 YOA (while still developing immunity)

Question 32

What is an inverted ratio of WBC?

Answer 32

When lymphocytes outnumber neutrophils/segs

Question 33

An inverted ratio is seen with what type of infection?

Answer 33

Viral, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemoid reaction (increased lymphocytes)

Question 34

Lymphopenia is seen with which conditions?

Answer 34

AIDS, hodgkin's, and bacterial infections

Question 35

What is another term for atypical lymphocytes?

Answer 35

Reactive lymphs, Downey cells, virocytes

Question 36

What kinds of lymphocytes are seen with mononucleosis?

Answer 36

Atypical/Downey cells

Question 37

What specimen is responsible for mononucleosis?

Answer 37

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 38

What is the most common population to be affected by mono?

Answer 38

Adolescents and young adults

Question 39

What is the test done for mono diagnosis?

Answer 39

Monospot (heterophil AB)

Question 40

What is another name for mono?

Answer 40

Kissing disease

Question 41

What other area of the body is important to monitor with a patient who has mono?

Answer 41

Abdomen (possible complications of liver and spleen)

Question 42

How can we tell the difference between early and late mono?

Answer 42

Early - leukopenia; Late - leukocytosis

Question 43

AIDS/HIV is marked by a decrease in which cell type?

Answer 43

T helper cells (determined by CD4 count)

Question 44

HIV/AIDS leads to an increased likelihood of what other conditions?

Answer 44

Opportunistic infections

Question 45

What is the diagnostic requirement for AIDS?

Answer 45

CD4 count below 200 due to advanced HIV disease

Question 46

What is the normal range for CD4 cells?

Answer 46

600-1,500

Question 47

What does a CD4 cell level tell us?

Answer 47

How well the immune system can fight off infection

Question 48

What test measures the amount of HIV in the blood and how much it's progressing?

Answer 48

Viral load

Question 49

What is the tumor associated with AIDS that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels?

Answer 49

Kaposi's sarcoma

Question 50

What is the most common opportunistic infection seen in HIV/AIDS patients?

Answer 50

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Question 51

What is the clinical presentation of a Kaposi's sarcoma?

Answer 51

Purple, red, or brown blotches or tumors on the skin

Question 52

When do we see increased monocyte?

Answer 52

Acute infection recovery, monocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, TB

Question 53

Which WBC contains histamine?

Answer 53

Eosinophils