Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Visceral Disorders COPY (Frontier) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Patient presents with S/S of pneumonia. What do they need?

A

Chest films

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Patient presents with burning on urination and flank pain. What do they need?

A

Kidney test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Patient presents with pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. What do they need?

A

Liver function test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Patient presents with signs and symptoms of anemia. What do they need?

A

CBC test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is considered…

A

normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered…

A

prediabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A fasting blood sugar level 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests is considered…

A

diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Patient presents with mid back pain. The history includes polyuria, polydipsia and family members with adult onset diabetes. What 2 tests should you order?

A

UA and FBS (fasting blood sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Patient presents with mid back pain. The history includes polyuria, polydipsia and family members with adult onset diabetes. What is the Dx and what do you do????

  • -UA reveals 3+ glucose and ketones
  • -FBS levels are 325 mg/dl
A

Diabetes Melitus and Ketosis

–concurrent care for diabetic care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

All labs are governed by…

A

CLIA (clinical laboratory improvement amendments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A patient with a UTI may have subluxations in what spinal region?

A

lumbar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A patient with liver disease may have subluxations in what spinal region?

A

T5 - T9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Kidneys are involved in the production what hormone that stimulates RBC production, and renin, an enzyme for controlling blood pressure.

A

erythropoitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Routine UA consists of what 3 things?

A
  1. ) physical properties
  2. ) chemical properties
  3. ) microscopic properties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the functional uni of the kidney?

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The glomerular filtrate becomes urine after it leaves…

A

distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 7 principle solutes of urine?

A
  • -urea
  • -sodium
  • -chloride
  • -potassium
  • -creatinine
  • -uric acid
  • -ammonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The body excretes approximately how many grams of dissolved material/24 hours
–one half is what?

A

60 grams

–half is urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Urine formation is a result of what 3 things?

A
  • -glomerular filtration
  • -tubular reabsorption
  • -tubular secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What % of urine is water?

A

95% water; 5% dissolved solids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the average daily volume of urine?

A

1200-1500 ml

–normal range is 600-2000 ml/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is it called when:

– > 2000 ml/24 hours

A

polyuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is it called when:

– < 500 ml/24 hours

A

oliguria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is it called wen you have an absence of urine?

A

anuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is it called when the patient has excessive water intake?
polydipsia
26
What are 2 causes of polyuria?
- - Diabetes melitus | - - Diabetes Insipidus
27
What are 3 causes of oliguria?
- -renal tubule dysfunction - -end stage renal disease - -obstruction
28
What are 3 causes of anuria?
- -renal failure - -obstruction - -heart attack
29
When is the best time to perform a UA?
early morning
30
When does a UA begin to decompose?
- -w/in 30 min at room temp | - -w/in 4 hrs if refigerated
31
What happens to unpreserved urine: - -color - -turbidity - -smell
- -color darkens - -turbidity increases - -odor is more foul smelling
32
What happens to unpreserved urine: - -pH - -glucose - -ketones - -bilirubin - -urobilinogen
- -pH increases - -glucose decreases - -ketones decrease - -bilirubin decreases - -urobilinogen decreases
33
What happens to unpreserved urine: - -nitrites - -bacteria - -RBC's - -WBC's - -casts
- -nitrites increase - -bacteria increase - -RBC's lyse - -WBC's disintegrate - -casts disintegrate
34
What 2 things does color indicate on a UA?
degree of hydration and concentration
35
What UA color is considered normal?
straw to amber (light yellow to dark yellow)
36
A red, dark brown urine found with excessive hemoglobin, RBC, and myoglobin is associated with what 3 things?
- -menses - -UTI - -malignancy
37
What does orange urine indicate?
dehydration
38
What does bright yellow urine indicate?
excessive B vitamins
39
What does black urine indicate?
- -alkaptonuria | - -melanin problems like malignant melanoma
40
What does colorless urine indicate?
diabetes insipidus
41
What does brownish yellow/green urine indicate?
liver problems
42
If you find brownish yellow/green urine, what 2 urine properties should be checked?
bilirubin and urobilinogen
43
Patient has jaundice skin and sclera, right upper quadrant pain, and brownish yellow/green urine. What do you suspect?
hepatitis/liver disease
44
What is milky urine turbidity associated with?
hyperlipidemia (risk factor for heart disease)
45
What does clear urine turbidity indicate?
normal
46
What does slightly hazy urine turbidity indicate?
usually normal (check sediment, if negative then insignificant)
47
What does frothy urine turbidity indicate?
protein
48
What does white, small amount of foam in urine indicate?
normal
49
What does white, large amount of foam in urine indicate?
possible protein
50
What does yellow, large amount of foam urine indicate?
may be due to bile/bilirubin
51
What does specific gravity evaluate?
kidneys ability to concentrate urine
52
What is the normal range of specific gravity in the adult?
1.015 - 1.035
53
What is the specific gravity, technically?
The weight of the urine compared to distilled water (SpG of water = 1.000)
54
What is low specific gravity called?
hyposthenuria
55
What is high specific gravity called?
hypereshenuria
56
What is a fixed specific gravity at 1.010 called?
isosthenuria
57
What does isosthenuria indicate?
Protein free plasma and the end stage of renal failure
58
What does increased specific gravity indicate?
concentrated urine (ie proteinuria, glucosuria)
59
What does decreased specific gravity indicate?
dilute urine (ie glomerulonephritis, pyleonephritis, diabetes insipidus)
60
What does foul, fishy urine odor indicate?
UTI
61
What does fruity, sweet urine odor indicate?
diabetes mellitus/ketosis
62
What does feces odor urine indicate?
asparagus, enterobladder fistula
63
Urinalysis chemical characteristics pH indicates the ____ of the patient.
acid-base balance
64
What is a normal urinalysis pH range?
4.5 - 7.5
65
Why does standing urine become alkaline?
due to bacterial growth and breakdown of urea
66
We are able to maintain normal pH primarily through reabsorption of ___ and secretion of ____ and ____ ions.
- -resorption of Na+ | - -secretion of H+ and ammonium ions
67
What diet type will produce an acidic pH?
animal products
68
What diet type will produce an alkaline pH?
citrus fruits and vegetables
69
What are 3 pathological causes of acidic pH?
- - Emphysema (respiratory acidosis) - - Ketoacidosis (metabolic acidosis) - - Diabetes mellitus
70
A patients UA shows the following, what do you suspect???? - -pH 4 - - +2 sugar - - small amount of ketones
diabetic/ketosis
71
A patients UA shows the following, what do you suspect???? - -pH 4 - - history of smoking - -barrel chest
Emphysema (respiratory acidosis)
72
What are 3 pathological causes of alkaline pH?
- - Hyperventilation (respiratory alkalosis) - - Metabolic alkalosis - - UTI
73
If a patient has a UTI what type of fluids would you recommend to them?
blueberry, cranberry juices to make more acidic
74
A patients UA shows the following, what do you suspect and recommend???? - - pH 8 - - 20-30 WBC's - - + 2 bacteria
UTI - - recommend cranberry juice - - rerun UA in 7 - 10 days
75
A patients UA shows the following, what do you suspect and recommend???? - - pH 5 - - 20-30 WBC's - - + 2 bacteria
UTI - - no cranberry juice, its already acid - - increase fluids
76
Acidic urine is associated with what 3 types of stones and should be kept alkaline.
- - xanthine, - - cystein, - - uric acid
77
Alkaline urine is associated with what 3 types of stones and should be kept acidic?
- - calcium carbonate - -calcium phosphate - - magnesium phosphate
78
What protein is UA sensitive to?
Albumin
79
Is it normal to release protein in the urine?
Only in trace amounts... (150mg/day aka non measurable)
80
Albuminuria is used synonymously with...
proteinuria
81
Does protein in the urine indicate an upper or lower UTI?
Upper
82
Why is it important to always analyze for proteinuria?
Primary indicator for renal disease
83
What part of the nephron is damaged when proteinuria is seen?
Glomerular filter
84
What does a positive dipstick for proteinuria need to be confirmed with?
Sulfosalicylic Acid Precipitation Test (SSA)
85
A 13 year old remale patients UA shows the following, what do you suspect and recommend???? - - color: yellow, clear - - pH 5 - - protein +1 - - urobilinogen 0.01 - - spg 1.020 - - WBC/HPF 0-1 - -RBC/HPF 0-2
Proteinuria | --pt consider stop exercising and redo after a few days
86
What is the term for when a patient presents with normal urine when supine and displays proteinuria when standing?
Orthostatic proteinuria
87
Orthostatic proteinuria is associated with what spinal change?
Exaggerated lumbar lordosis
88
Massive proteinuria (+4), frothy (white) in appearance
nephrotic syndrome

Visceral Disorders COPY (Frontier) (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions