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AVS 330 > Exam 2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Occur in any cell except germ cells and are not heritable

A

Somatic mutations

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2
Q

Occur in gametes and inherited

A

Germ-line mutation

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3
Q

Occur within genes located on the autosomes

A

Autosomal mutation

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4
Q

Occur within genes located on the X and Y chromosome, respectively

A

X-linked and Y-linked mutations

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5
Q

An alternation in DNA sequence

A

Mutation

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6
Q

Single-base pair substitutions

Insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs (in/del)

A

Gene level

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7
Q

Major alteration in chromosomal structure i.e. translocations, deletions or duplications

A

Chromosome level

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8
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Genome level

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9
Q

A purine replaces a purine (A-G), or pyrimidine replaces a pyrimidine (C-T)

A

Transitions

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10
Q

A purine and a pyrimidine are interchanged (A-C) or (G-T)

A

Transversions

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11
Q

Change of one base pair to another

A

Point Mutation or Base substitution

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12
Q

Still codes for the same amino acid

A

Silent or Synonymous

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13
Q

Results in a different amino acid

A

Missense or nonsynonymous

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14
Q

May result in a stop codon (translation terminated prematurely)

A

Nonsense mutation

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15
Q

Results from insertions or deletions of a base pair

A

Frameshift mutation

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16
Q

Mutations can be classified as according to their phenotypic effects as ______. (7)

A 
loss-of-function mutations
gain-of-function mutations
visible mutations
nutritional mutations
behavioral mutations
regulatory mutations
lethal mutations
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17
Q

Specific type of structural variant, due to indels of greater than 1 kb

A

Copy-number variants (CNVs)

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18
Q

Change in gene frequencies in small populations due purely to chance

A

Random Drift

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19
Q

Mating system in which each animal has an equal opportunity to mate with any animal of the opposite sex

A

Random Mating

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20
Q

Mating system in which males are not randomly assigned to females

A

Nonrandom mating

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21
Q

Mating of similar individuals (i.e. black to black, tall to tall)

A

Positive assortative mating

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22
Q

Mating of dissimilar individuals (i.e. black to red, tall to short)

A

Negative assortative mating

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23
Q

Movement of animal from one breeding population to another

A

Migration

24
Q

Notation
___: proportion of animals in the combined population that are migrants
___: proportion of animals in the combined population that are natives

A

m

1-m

25
Q

Notation
___: frequency of the recessive allele in the combined population
where qm=(1-m)qn+(m)qmi
___: frequency of the recessive natives
___: frequency of the recessive in migrants

A

qm
qn
qmi

26
Q

Change in gene frequency due to migration depends upon..

A

the relative difference in size between the two populations

the diversity of the gene frequencies

27
Q

The greatest change occurs when the number of migrants is _____ compared to the number of natives and when the gene and genotypic frequencies are _____.

A

large

vastly different

28
Q

Alternation in DNA sequence

A

Mutation

29
Q

One time mutations—of little consequences unless it provides selective advantage

A

Non-recurrent mutations

30
Q

Mutational events with characteristic rates—usually occur at low frequencies

A

Recurrent mutation

31
Q

Process by which some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce

A

Selection

32
Q

Influence of environment on the probability that a particular phenotype will survive and reproduce

A

Natural selection

33
Q

Capability of a phenotype and corresponding genotype to survive and reproduce

A

Fitness

34
Q

Restrictions imposed by man

A

Artificial selection

35
Q

Major force in changing gene frequency

A

selection

36
Q

Allows identification of known carriers or possible carriers

A

pedigree information

37
Q

Processed used to help predict an individual’s breeding values involving multiple matings of that individual and evaluation of its progeny; used to determine genotype of a sire
Can only prove a sire is a carrier

A

Progeny testing

38
Q

Mating designed to reveal the genotype of an individual for a small number of loci

A

Test cross

39
Q

Most genetic defects can be categorized as _____-controlled by one gene

A

qualitative

40
Q

Individual that is heterozygous for a recessive gene but does not exhibit the recessive trait, looks normal

A

Carrier

41
Q

Mating of individuals that are related

A

Inbreeding

42
Q

Lethal condition characterized by lightweight calves with curved spine, extended and contracted limbs and a thin appearance

A

Curly calf syndrome

43
Q

Lethal condition characterized by absence of central nervous system tissue, hydrocephalus, skull malformation, and arthrogyposis

A

Neuropathic Hydrocephalus (NH)

44
Q

Mating of individuals that are related

A

Inbreeding

45
Q

The decrease in the average performance of individuals in a population

A

Inbreeding depression

46
Q

The practice of mating individuals that are descendants of one particular outstanding ancestor

A

Linebreeding

47
Q

Ability of an individual to consistently pass on its characteristics

A

Prepotency

48
Q

Measures the percent increase in homozygosity in an individual relative to the average of the breed or population

A

Inbreeding coefficient (Fx)

49
Q

Two genes that are copies of a single ancestral gene

A

Identical by descent

50
Q

Two genes that are identical in function and from, but not from a common ancestor

A

Identical by state

51
Q

Ancestor common to more than one individual

A

Common ancestor

52
Q

Mating of unrelated individuals that are usually from a different breed of different inbred lines

A

Outbreeding

53
Q

The increase in the average performance of individuals in a population

A

Hybrid vigor (heterosis)

54
Q

Any measure applied to an individual as opposed to a population

A

Value

55
Q

Measure applied to a population as opposed to a individual

A

Population measure

56
Q

The sum, overall pairs of individuals genes, of genetic effects on a trait which are due to the pairing of alleles

A

Non-additive value (NAV)

AVS 330 (11 decks)

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