Exam 2 Vocabulary Flashcards
Occur in any cell except germ cells and are not heritable
Somatic mutations
Occur in gametes and inherited
Germ-line mutation
Occur within genes located on the autosomes
Autosomal mutation
Occur within genes located on the X and Y chromosome, respectively
X-linked and Y-linked mutations
An alternation in DNA sequence
Mutation
Single-base pair substitutions
Insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs (in/del)
Gene level
Major alteration in chromosomal structure i.e. translocations, deletions or duplications
Chromosome level
Aneuploidy
Genome level
A purine replaces a purine (A-G), or pyrimidine replaces a pyrimidine (C-T)
Transitions
A purine and a pyrimidine are interchanged (A-C) or (G-T)
Transversions
Change of one base pair to another
Point Mutation or Base substitution
Still codes for the same amino acid
Silent or Synonymous
Results in a different amino acid
Missense or nonsynonymous
May result in a stop codon (translation terminated prematurely)
Nonsense mutation
Results from insertions or deletions of a base pair
Frameshift mutation
Mutations can be classified as according to their phenotypic effects as ______. (7)
loss-of-function mutations gain-of-function mutations visible mutations nutritional mutations behavioral mutations regulatory mutations lethal mutations
Specific type of structural variant, due to indels of greater than 1 kb
Copy-number variants (CNVs)
Change in gene frequencies in small populations due purely to chance
Random Drift
Mating system in which each animal has an equal opportunity to mate with any animal of the opposite sex
Random Mating
Mating system in which males are not randomly assigned to females
Nonrandom mating
Mating of similar individuals (i.e. black to black, tall to tall)
Positive assortative mating
Mating of dissimilar individuals (i.e. black to red, tall to short)
Negative assortative mating
Movement of animal from one breeding population to another
Migration
Notation
___: proportion of animals in the combined population that are migrants
___: proportion of animals in the combined population that are natives
m
1-m
Notation
___: frequency of the recessive allele in the combined population
where qm=(1-m)qn+(m)qmi
___: frequency of the recessive natives
___: frequency of the recessive in migrants
qm
qn
qmi
Change in gene frequency due to migration depends upon..
the relative difference in size between the two populations
the diversity of the gene frequencies
The greatest change occurs when the number of migrants is _____ compared to the number of natives and when the gene and genotypic frequencies are _____.
large
vastly different
Alternation in DNA sequence
Mutation
One time mutations—of little consequences unless it provides selective advantage
Non-recurrent mutations
Mutational events with characteristic rates—usually occur at low frequencies
Recurrent mutation
Process by which some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce
Selection
Influence of environment on the probability that a particular phenotype will survive and reproduce
Natural selection
Capability of a phenotype and corresponding genotype to survive and reproduce
Fitness
Restrictions imposed by man
Artificial selection
Major force in changing gene frequency
selection
Allows identification of known carriers or possible carriers
pedigree information
Processed used to help predict an individual’s breeding values involving multiple matings of that individual and evaluation of its progeny; used to determine genotype of a sire
Can only prove a sire is a carrier
Progeny testing
Mating designed to reveal the genotype of an individual for a small number of loci
Test cross
Most genetic defects can be categorized as _____-controlled by one gene
qualitative
Individual that is heterozygous for a recessive gene but does not exhibit the recessive trait, looks normal
Carrier
Mating of individuals that are related
Inbreeding
Lethal condition characterized by lightweight calves with curved spine, extended and contracted limbs and a thin appearance
Curly calf syndrome
Lethal condition characterized by absence of central nervous system tissue, hydrocephalus, skull malformation, and arthrogyposis
Neuropathic Hydrocephalus (NH)
Mating of individuals that are related
Inbreeding
The decrease in the average performance of individuals in a population
Inbreeding depression
The practice of mating individuals that are descendants of one particular outstanding ancestor
Linebreeding
Ability of an individual to consistently pass on its characteristics
Prepotency
Measures the percent increase in homozygosity in an individual relative to the average of the breed or population
Inbreeding coefficient (Fx)
Two genes that are copies of a single ancestral gene
Identical by descent
Two genes that are identical in function and from, but not from a common ancestor
Identical by state
Ancestor common to more than one individual
Common ancestor
Mating of unrelated individuals that are usually from a different breed of different inbred lines
Outbreeding
The increase in the average performance of individuals in a population
Hybrid vigor (heterosis)
Any measure applied to an individual as opposed to a population
Value
Measure applied to a population as opposed to a individual
Population measure
The sum, overall pairs of individuals genes, of genetic effects on a trait which are due to the pairing of alleles
Non-additive value (NAV)
