Exam 2 Vocabulary

Question 1

Occur in any cell except germ cells and are not heritable

Answer 1

Somatic mutations

Question 2

Occur in gametes and inherited

Answer 2

Germ-line mutation

Question 3

Occur within genes located on the autosomes

Answer 3

Autosomal mutation

Question 4

Occur within genes located on the X and Y chromosome, respectively

Answer 4

X-linked and Y-linked mutations

Question 5

An alternation in DNA sequence

Answer 5

Mutation

Question 6

Single-base pair substitutions

Insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs (in/del)

Answer 6

Gene level

Question 7

Major alteration in chromosomal structure i.e. translocations, deletions or duplications

Answer 7

Chromosome level

Question 8

Aneuploidy

Answer 8

Genome level

Question 9

A purine replaces a purine (A-G), or pyrimidine replaces a pyrimidine (C-T)

Answer 9

Transitions

Question 10

A purine and a pyrimidine are interchanged (A-C) or (G-T)

Answer 10

Transversions

Question 11

Change of one base pair to another

Answer 11

Point Mutation or Base substitution

Question 12

Still codes for the same amino acid

Answer 12

Silent or Synonymous

Question 13

Results in a different amino acid

Answer 13

Missense or nonsynonymous

Question 14

May result in a stop codon (translation terminated prematurely)

Answer 14

Nonsense mutation

Question 15

Results from insertions or deletions of a base pair

Answer 15

Frameshift mutation

Question 16

Mutations can be classified as according to their phenotypic effects as ______. (7)

Answer 16

loss-of-function mutations
gain-of-function mutations
visible mutations
nutritional mutations
behavioral mutations
regulatory mutations
lethal mutations

Question 17

Specific type of structural variant, due to indels of greater than 1 kb

Answer 17

Copy-number variants (CNVs)

Question 18

Change in gene frequencies in small populations due purely to chance

Answer 18

Random Drift

Question 19

Mating system in which each animal has an equal opportunity to mate with any animal of the opposite sex

Answer 19

Random Mating

Question 20

Mating system in which males are not randomly assigned to females

Answer 20

Nonrandom mating

Question 21

Mating of similar individuals (i.e. black to black, tall to tall)

Answer 21

Positive assortative mating

Question 22

Mating of dissimilar individuals (i.e. black to red, tall to short)

Answer 22

Negative assortative mating

Question 23

Movement of animal from one breeding population to another

Answer 23

Migration

Question 24

Notation
___: proportion of animals in the combined population that are migrants
___: proportion of animals in the combined population that are natives

Answer 24

m

1-m

Question 25

Notation ___: frequency of the recessive allele in the combined population where qm=(1-m)qn+(m)qmi ___: frequency of the recessive natives ___: frequency of the recessive in migrants

Answer 25

qm qn qmi

Question 26

Change in gene frequency due to migration depends upon..

Answer 26

the relative difference in size between the two populations | the diversity of the gene frequencies

Question 27

The greatest change occurs when the number of migrants is _____ compared to the number of natives and when the gene and genotypic frequencies are _____.

Answer 27

large | vastly different

Question 28

Alternation in DNA sequence

Answer 28

Mutation

Question 29

One time mutations---of little consequences unless it provides selective advantage

Answer 29

Non-recurrent mutations

Question 30

Mutational events with characteristic rates---usually occur at low frequencies

Answer 30

Recurrent mutation

Question 31

Process by which some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce

Answer 31

Selection

Question 32

Influence of environment on the probability that a particular phenotype will survive and reproduce

Answer 32

Natural selection

Question 33

Capability of a phenotype and corresponding genotype to survive and reproduce

Answer 33

Fitness

Question 34

Restrictions imposed by man

Answer 34

Artificial selection

Question 35

Major force in changing gene frequency

Answer 35

selection

Question 36

Allows identification of known carriers or possible carriers

Answer 36

pedigree information

Question 37

Processed used to help predict an individual's breeding values involving multiple matings of that individual and evaluation of its progeny; used to determine genotype of a sire Can only prove a sire is a carrier

Answer 37

Progeny testing

Question 38

Mating designed to reveal the genotype of an individual for a small number of loci

Answer 38

Test cross

Question 39

Most genetic defects can be categorized as _____-controlled by one gene

Answer 39

qualitative

Question 40

Individual that is heterozygous for a recessive gene but does not exhibit the recessive trait, looks normal

Answer 40

Carrier

Question 41

Mating of individuals that are related

Answer 41

Inbreeding

Question 42

Lethal condition characterized by lightweight calves with curved spine, extended and contracted limbs and a thin appearance

Answer 42

Curly calf syndrome

Question 43

Lethal condition characterized by absence of central nervous system tissue, hydrocephalus, skull malformation, and arthrogyposis

Answer 43

Neuropathic Hydrocephalus (NH)

Question 44

Mating of individuals that are related

Answer 44

Inbreeding

Question 45

The decrease in the average performance of individuals in a population

Answer 45

Inbreeding depression

Question 46

The practice of mating individuals that are descendants of one particular outstanding ancestor

Answer 46

Linebreeding

Question 47

Ability of an individual to consistently pass on its characteristics

Answer 47

Prepotency

Question 48

Measures the percent increase in homozygosity in an individual relative to the average of the breed or population

Answer 48

Inbreeding coefficient (Fx)

Question 49

Two genes that are copies of a single ancestral gene

Answer 49

Identical by descent

Question 50

Two genes that are identical in function and from, but not from a common ancestor

Answer 50

Identical by state

Question 51

Ancestor common to more than one individual

Answer 51

Common ancestor

Question 52

Mating of unrelated individuals that are usually from a different breed of different inbred lines

Answer 52

Outbreeding

Question 53

The increase in the average performance of individuals in a population

Answer 53

Hybrid vigor (heterosis)

Question 54

Any measure applied to an individual as opposed to a population

Answer 54

Value

Question 55

Measure applied to a population as opposed to a individual

Answer 55

Population measure

Question 56

The sum, overall pairs of individuals genes, of genetic effects on a trait which are due to the pairing of alleles

Answer 56

Non-additive value (NAV)