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AVS 330 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

All chromosomes apart from the sex chromosomes

A

Autosomes

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2
Q

A chromosome that is represented differently in the two different sexes

A

Sex chromosomes

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3
Q

Female homozygous for the recessive allele or males hemizygous for it display the recessive phenotype

A

X-linked recessive

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4
Q

heterozygous females and males hemizygous for the dominant allele express the dominant phenotype

A

X-linked dominant

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5
Q

Transcription factor needed for male-specific gene expression

A

SRY

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6
Q

PAR1 and PAR2, exist between the X and Y chromosomes

A

Pseudoautosomal regions

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7
Q

One of two X chromosomes in each female somatic cell is randomly inactivated

A

Random X inactivation hypothesis, Lyon hypothesis

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8
Q

Intermating group of individuals

A

Population

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9
Q

The relative frequency of a gene allele in a population

A

Gene Frequency

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10
Q

The relative frequency of a genotypic in a population

A

Genotypic Frequency

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11
Q

Relative frequency of a phenotype in a population

A

Phenotypic Frequency

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12
Q

The collection of alleles found in the members of a population

A

Gene pool

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13
Q

Describes the relationship of allele and genotype frequencies in populations

A

Hardy-Weinberg Law

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14
Q

In an “ideal” population that is infinitely large with random mating and not subject to any evolutionary forces allele and genotypic frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next

A

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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15
Q

Factor (gene) capable of masking the presence of a second factor (gene) in the expression of a phenotype

A

Dominant

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16
Q

Factor (gene) being masked by the dominant factor (gene)

A

Recessive

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17
Q

Heterozygote cannot be distinguished from the homozygous dominant

A

Complete Dominance

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18
Q

Heterozygote more closely resembles the homozygous dominant

A

Partial Dominance

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19
Q

The heterozygote is exactly halfway between the homozygous dominant and the homozygous recessive

A

No Dominance

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20
Q

The heterozygote exceeds the range established by the homozygous genotypes

A

Overdominance

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21
Q

Both alleles are expressed in separate and distinguishable manner

A

Codominance

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22
Q

The heterozygote exceeds the range established by the homozygous genotypes but can only be passed on from one direction
Example: Callipyge Sheep

A

Polar Overdominance

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23
Q

The proportion of individuals with a single gene mutation do not have an observable phenotype

A

Penetrance (incomplete)

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24
Q

Individuals with the same genotype exhibit varying degree in which the trait is expressed

A

Expressivity

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25
Q

Interaction among genes at different loci such that the expression of genes at one locus depends on the alleles present at one or more other loci. (masking-recessive)

A

Epistasis

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26
Q

Expression is absolutely limited to one sex

A

Sex-limited

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27
Q

The sex influences expression but is not limited to one sex

A

Sex-Influenced

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28
Q

Family trees, are a way of tracing the inheritance of traits in humans and animals

A

Pedigree

29
Q

______ leads to extensive genetic variation

A

Independent assortment

30
Q

Line in which animals of like phenotypes perpetuate the phenotypes in their offspring

A

Pure breed lines

31
Q

A group of domestic animals with similar “homogeneous” appearances

A

Breed

32
Q

A kind of breeding in which the parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype

A

True breeding

33
Q

Alternative versions of genes

A

Alleles

34
Q

Allows the genotypes phenotypes resulting from a cross to be visualized easily

A

Punnett square

35
Q

Identical alleles

A

Homozygous

36
Q

Two different alleles

A

Heterozygous

37
Q

Trait shown by the F1 offspring

A

Dominant phenotype

38
Q

Trait that was not apparent in the F1

A

Recessive Phenotype

39
Q

Mendel proposed the theory of ______.

A

Particulate Inheritance

40
Q

Mendel’s Laws
______ the separation of paired genes during germ cell formation.
______ the independent segregation of genes (chromosomes) during germ cell formation (Meiosis)

A

Segregation

Independent Assortment

41
Q

2 things that contribute to genetic variation

A

Independent assortment

Recombination

42
Q

Differences between meiosis and mitosis

A

Pairing and synapsis
Recombination
Segregation

43
Q

The value of an individual as a (genetic) parent

A

Breeding value

44
Q

Lightly packed or uncoiled DNA, is gene rich & under active transcription

A

Euchromatin

45
Q

Tightly packed condensed areas of DNA, inactive because they either lack genes or contain genes that are repressed

A

Heterochromatin

46
Q

Five types of Histones

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

47
Q 
Number of chromosomes
Human
Cattle
Sheep
Swine 
Cat
Dog
Horse
Donkey
Chicken
A 
23
30
27
19
19
39
32
31
39
48
Q

A classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits of interest

A

Biological type

49
Q

Represents a dependent relationship between genotypes and environments

A

G x E interaction

50
Q

Animals whose role is to be a parent; animals contributing genes to the next generation

A

Seedstock

51
Q

Animals of one breed or line

A

Purebred

52
Q

Group of related animals within a breed

A

Line

53
Q

Process by which some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than others; process that determines which animals become parents

A

Selection

54
Q

Selection that occurs in nature independent of deliberate human control

A

Natural selection

55
Q

Selection that is under human control

A

Artificial selection

56
Q

A system or set of rules determining which selected males will be mated to which selected females

A

Mating systems

57
Q

Mating designed to correct in their progeny faults of one or both parents

A

Corrective mating

58
Q

An intermediate level of performance that is optimal in terms of profitability and/or function

A

Intermediate optimum

59
Q

Trait having discrete phenotypic classes but also having underlying continuous variation

A

Threshold trait

60
Q

Trait measured only once during the lifetime of an individual

A

Single trait

61
Q

Trait expressed more than once during the lifetime of an individual

A

Repeated trait

62
Q

Traits measured on both sexes

A

Individual trait

63
Q

Traits observed only in females

A

Maternal traits

64
Q

Traits observed only in males

A

Parental traits

65
Q

Study of the principles of inheritance in animals

A

Animal genetics

66
Q

Application of the principles of animal genetics to improve livestock

A

Animal breeding

67
Q

Branch of genetics that utilizes mathematical theory and statistics

A

Quantitative Genetics

68
Q

Any observable or measurable characteristic of an individual

A

Trait

AVS 330 (11 decks)

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