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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

All chromosomes apart from the sex chromosomes

A

Autosomes

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2
Q

A chromosome that is represented differently in the two different sexes

A

Sex chromosomes

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3
Q

Female homozygous for the recessive allele or males hemizygous for it display the recessive phenotype

A

X-linked recessive

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4
Q

heterozygous females and males hemizygous for the dominant allele express the dominant phenotype

A

X-linked dominant

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5
Q

Transcription factor needed for male-specific gene expression

A

SRY

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6
Q

PAR1 and PAR2, exist between the X and Y chromosomes

A

Pseudoautosomal regions

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7
Q

One of two X chromosomes in each female somatic cell is randomly inactivated

A

Random X inactivation hypothesis, Lyon hypothesis

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8
Q

Intermating group of individuals

A

Population

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9
Q

The relative frequency of a gene allele in a population

A

Gene Frequency

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10
Q

The relative frequency of a genotypic in a population

A

Genotypic Frequency

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11
Q

Relative frequency of a phenotype in a population

A

Phenotypic Frequency

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12
Q

The collection of alleles found in the members of a population

A

Gene pool

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13
Q

Describes the relationship of allele and genotype frequencies in populations

A

Hardy-Weinberg Law

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14
Q

In an “ideal” population that is infinitely large with random mating and not subject to any evolutionary forces allele and genotypic frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next

A

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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15
Q

Factor (gene) capable of masking the presence of a second factor (gene) in the expression of a phenotype

A

Dominant

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16
Q

Factor (gene) being masked by the dominant factor (gene)

A

Recessive

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17
Q

Heterozygote cannot be distinguished from the homozygous dominant

A

Complete Dominance

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18
Q

Heterozygote more closely resembles the homozygous dominant

A

Partial Dominance

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19
Q

The heterozygote is exactly halfway between the homozygous dominant and the homozygous recessive

A

No Dominance

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20
Q

The heterozygote exceeds the range established by the homozygous genotypes

A

Overdominance

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21
Q

Both alleles are expressed in separate and distinguishable manner

A

Codominance

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22
Q

The heterozygote exceeds the range established by the homozygous genotypes but can only be passed on from one direction
Example: Callipyge Sheep

A

Polar Overdominance

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23
Q

The proportion of individuals with a single gene mutation do not have an observable phenotype

A

Penetrance (incomplete)

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24
Q

Individuals with the same genotype exhibit varying degree in which the trait is expressed

A

Expressivity

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25
Interaction among genes at different loci such that the expression of genes at one locus depends on the alleles present at one or more other loci. (masking-recessive)
Epistasis
26
Expression is absolutely limited to one sex
Sex-limited
27
The sex influences expression but is not limited to one sex
Sex-Influenced
28
Family trees, are a way of tracing the inheritance of traits in humans and animals
Pedigree
29
______ leads to extensive genetic variation
Independent assortment
30
Line in which animals of like phenotypes perpetuate the phenotypes in their offspring
Pure breed lines
31
A group of domestic animals with similar "homogeneous" appearances
Breed
32
A kind of breeding in which the parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype
True breeding
33
Alternative versions of genes
Alleles
34
Allows the genotypes phenotypes resulting from a cross to be visualized easily
Punnett square
35
Identical alleles
Homozygous
36
Two different alleles
Heterozygous
37
Trait shown by the F1 offspring
Dominant phenotype
38
Trait that was not apparent in the F1
Recessive Phenotype
39
Mendel proposed the theory of ______.
Particulate Inheritance
40
Mendel's Laws ______ the separation of paired genes during germ cell formation. ______ the independent segregation of genes (chromosomes) during germ cell formation (Meiosis)
Segregation | Independent Assortment
41
2 things that contribute to genetic variation
Independent assortment | Recombination
42
Differences between meiosis and mitosis
Pairing and synapsis Recombination Segregation
43
The value of an individual as a (genetic) parent
Breeding value
44
Lightly packed or uncoiled DNA, is gene rich & under active transcription
Euchromatin
45
Tightly packed condensed areas of DNA, inactive because they either lack genes or contain genes that are repressed
Heterochromatin
46
Five types of Histones
H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4
47
``` Number of chromosomes Human Cattle Sheep Swine Cat Dog Horse Donkey Chicken ```
``` 23 30 27 19 19 39 32 31 39 ```
48
A classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits of interest
Biological type
49
Represents a dependent relationship between genotypes and environments
G x E interaction
50
Animals whose role is to be a parent; animals contributing genes to the next generation
Seedstock
51
Animals of one breed or line
Purebred
52
Group of related animals within a breed
Line
53
Process by which some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than others; process that determines which animals become parents
Selection
54
Selection that occurs in nature independent of deliberate human control
Natural selection
55
Selection that is under human control
Artificial selection
56
A system or set of rules determining which selected males will be mated to which selected females
Mating systems
57
Mating designed to correct in their progeny faults of one or both parents
Corrective mating
58
An intermediate level of performance that is optimal in terms of profitability and/or function
Intermediate optimum
59
Trait having discrete phenotypic classes but also having underlying continuous variation
Threshold trait
60
Trait measured only once during the lifetime of an individual
Single trait
61
Trait expressed more than once during the lifetime of an individual
Repeated trait
62
Traits measured on both sexes
Individual trait
63
Traits observed only in females
Maternal traits
64
Traits observed only in males
Parental traits
65
Study of the principles of inheritance in animals
Animal genetics
66
Application of the principles of animal genetics to improve livestock
Animal breeding
67
Branch of genetics that utilizes mathematical theory and statistics
Quantitative Genetics
68
Any observable or measurable characteristic of an individual
Trait

AVS 330 (11 decks)

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