Exam 2 Unit 5

Question 1

How do you measure Balance?

Answer 1

Berg Balance Test

Question 2

What occurs at the pelvis when we walk?

Answer 2

With weight shifting, lateral pelvic-tilt occurs, controlled by the gluteus medius & minimus (ABductor muscles).

– If those muscles are weak = Exaggerated Lateral Pelvic Tilt, Trendelenburg Gait Pattern. (Contralateral pelvic drop)

Question 3

What are prerequisites for Neutral Posture?

Answer 3

• ASIS & PSIS are level horizontally.
• ASIS & Pubic Symphysis are even vertically.
• ASIS are level horizontally.

Question 4

List Antigravity Muscles

Answer 4

Main:
• Knee Extensors
• Hip Extensors
• Trunk Extensors
• Neck Extensors

Question 5

Muscles controlling Postural Sway? Plane?

Answer 5

Ankle Plantar & Dorsiflexors.

• Postural sway occurs in the Sagittal Plane.

Question 6

Lateral Pelvic Tilt:

Answer 6

• When one hip is higher than other–walking, working them hips.
• Typically due to weak Hip ABductors (Gluteus Medius & Minimus).
– Results in the Trindelenburg gait pattern.

• Co-occuring with Horizontal Displacement.

Question 7

Horizontal Displacement:

Answer 7

Occurs naturally during walking cycle.
– As you shift form one leg to another while walking, this naturally occurs while shifting weight over planted foot.
Also occurs when you stand on one leg.

• Co-occurring with Lateral Pelvic Tile.

Question 8

Define Kinesthesia:

Answer 8

Your body’s perception of joint Motion

vs. Proprioception

Question 9

UE Flexion Synergy Components

Answer 9

• Scapular Retraction & Elevation.
• Shoulder ABduction & External Rotation.
• Elbow Flexion.
• Forearm Supination.

Question 10

UE Extensor Synergy Components

Answer 10

• Scapular Protraction
• Shoulder ADduction & Internal Rotation
• Elbow Extension
• Forearm Pronation

Question 11

LE Flexion Synergy Components

Answer 11

• Hip Flexion, ABduction, External Rotation,
• Knee Flexion
• Ankle Dorsiflexion, Inversion
• Toe Dorsiflexion

Question 12

LE Extension Synergy Components

Answer 12

• Hip Extension, ADduction, Internal Rotation
• Knee Extension
• Ankle Plantarflexion, Inversion
• Toe Plantarflexion

Question 13

Landmarks for Poster Plumb Line

Answer 13

• Calcanei (midline–between)
• Gluteal Cleft (butt crack)
• Thorax/Spine

Question 14

Landmarks for Lateral Plumb Line

Answer 14

• Ear, Shoulder, Hip, Knee (slight anterior lean), Ankle

Question 15

Landmarks for Anterior Plumb Line

Answer 15

• Between Feet
• Belly Button
• Sternum
• Nose/Face

Question 16

Dysmetria.

Cause?

Test:

Answer 16

Deficit in ability to accurately Judge Distances = overshooting & undershooting (dad trying to catch baseball).

Caused by Cerebellar Lesions.

Test: Bring finger from nose to OTs finger.

Question 17

Apraxia:

Answer 17

Inability to implement Purposeful Movement that cannot be explained by weakness, sensation, memory, motivation, or coordination deficits.

Question 18

If you ask someone to comb their hair & they’re simply unable, what gives?

Assessment?

Answer 18

Ideomotor Apraxia: Fully understand what they’re supposed to do–they just can’t do the requested task.

Assessment: “Show me how you would use a hammer; show me how to salute (culturally conscious).”

Question 19

Limb Apraxia:

Answer 19

Difficulties in planning/executing limb movement sequence.

• Ideomotor Apraxia.
• Ideational Apraxia.

Question 20

If you ask someone to write down something & they pick up a banana in-place of a pen, what gives?

Cause?

Assessment:

Answer 20

Ideational Apraxia: Person cannot pretend to do the *full activity, nor describe what to do with an object. Do still have the motor ability to do the task.

CNS Damage–left hemisphere, frontal lobe.

• May be able to do part of activity, but not the whole thing, just the tip.

Question 21

If someone tries to copy a drawing & are terrible at it, what gives?

Assessments:

Answer 21

Contructional Apraxia.

Assessments: Two types–

1) Graphic: Copying line drawings, or, drawing on command.
2) Assembly: Block & stick designs.

Question 22

OT Interventions for Praxis difficulties

Answer 22

• Compensatory strategies: E.g., verbalizing the sequence while performing tasks; viewing pictures that illustrate required steps.
• Gesture Training: Phased training involving the presentation of various items/objects & having client demo use.
• Task Specific Training with Errorless Learing: Like ABSC–first hand-over-hand, then demo steps, etc.

Question 23

Dysdiadochokinesia
Cause?
Test

Answer 23

Impaiment of the ability to perform rapidly alternating movements.

Cerebellar lesions

Test: Have them pronate & supinate had rapidly.

Question 24

Define Cognition

Answer 24

Learning, processing, interpreting, adjusing compensating, adapting, integrating, experiences, judgement, memory, attention, intelligence, consciousness, orientation, emotions, & perceptions.

Question 25

Metacognition

Answer 25

Self-awareness; helps analyze, monitor, progress, & plan strategies to problem solve.

Question 26

Executive Functioning:

Answer 26

Complex goal-directed behavior: decision making, problem-solving. Used in a lot of ADL’s

Question 27

Praxis:

Answer 27

Ability to carry out sequential movements with correct timing & transitions between one movement & another •(Motor Planning)•
– Makes movements automatic.