Exam 2 Unit 4 Flashcards
How do the muscles function for infants
Pull, not push
Order of antigravity-movement development:
1) Antigravity Extension (working against gravity, working muscles) before antigravity Flexion
2) Cephalo-caudal (head TO tail control develops before UE & LE control)…
3) Movement develops proximal to distal (in & out burger style)
4) Gross motor develops before fine motor (kind of like you attractions)
What is the first reflex babies possess?
Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex–Physiological Flexion
• Present at birth
• Importance of midline (holding food)
• Integrated between 3 & 4 years.
• Whole-body moves in unison with the head: as head flexes, arms & legs flex; as head extends, arms & legs extend.
Order of movement in relation to Planes
1) Sagittal Plane (front-to-back). E.g., Flex & extend trunk, neck, shoulders. Reaching for things directly in front.
2) Frontal Plane (side-to-side). E.g., Abduct shoulders & hips, laterally flex trunk. Reaching for things at side.
3) Transverse Plane (Rotation). E.g., Rotate head & trunk. Crossing midline.
Stages of Motor Control development
1) Mobility (move-ability)
• Flexion & extension.
• Elongation of the body.
- Elongation MUST occur before activation; if baby is in a flexed position, muscles must first extend to flex & be activated (triceps are already elongated).
2) Stability (stay-ability)
• Co-contraction; antagonist/agonist contraction of flexors & extensors. Standing–both hamstrings & quads work together.
3) Controlled Mobility
• Able to shift posture/weight.
4) Skill
• Combination of above stages. E.g., able to shift weight over right leg, reaching in front to catch a ball.
Positional/Postural progression of development
1) Prone
2) Supine
3) Sidelying
4) Sitting
5) Quadruped
6) Kneeling
7) Standing
Define External vs. Internal Stability
- External Stability: Stability coming from an outside source that doesn’t require input from musculature (e.g., back of chair, infant in walker).
- Internal Stability: Stabilit from within (e.g., core muscles)
What are Righting Reactions? Developmental Process & Significance?
Reaction that acts to keep you upright; your head or your trunk–when you get pushed (automatic).
- Develop at birth in response to gravity (begins when gravity is introduced).
- Present throughout life.
- Alignment of head & trunk, or alignment between body segments.
- Most noticeable around 10-12 months.
Significance: RR underlies movement that transitions from lying to upright, & turning in relationship to gravity & space.
Equilibrium Reactions
Shift in Base of Support/COG
• When you start to lose balance, your legs automatically catch you/adjust.
- Begins as infant moves from horizontal to vertical.
- Specific to each event.
- 6 months throughout life.
What causes Equilibrium Reactions?
- An internal change of movement, e.g., shifting weight from one leg to another while climbing stairs.
- External change or movement of support, e.g., rollater rolls out from under you.
- Outside force on body, such as when a football player is hit & adjusts, staying vertical.
• Proactive reflex & Righting reflex.
Another e.g., riding on the tram: slows down, plan foot in front of you, catching your balance.
Sort: –Righting Reaction–Equilibrium Reaction–
• Shifts the center of weight • Brings the head upright or vertical orientation in space • Usually increases the base of support • Birth throughout life • Alignment of head and trunk or between body segments Equilibrium Reactions • Most distinguishable at 10-12 months of age • Six months throughout lifetime • Begins when gravity is introduced • Event-specific and unique to EACH situation • Begins as infant begins to move from horizontal to vertical
Righting Reactions: • Birth throughout life • Begins when gravity is introduced • Most distinguishable at 10-12 months of age • Brings the head upright or vertical orientation in space • Alignment of head and trunk or between body segments
Equilibrium Reactions: • Six months throughout lifetime • Event-specific and unique to EACH situation • Usually increases the base of support • Begins as infant begins to move from horizontal to vertical • Shifts the center of weight
Protective Reactions
- Used to prevent injury if Equilibrium Reactions are unable to restore balance.
- Front PR is 1st to develop, then Side, last is Backwards. Similar to Plane development…
Optical Righting Reflex
As your head moves, eyes stay fixed on object of interest.
- Vestibulo-ocular reflex causes the eye movement.
- Requires frequent and varied experiences to mature.
Characteristics of Early Walking
- Wide Gait (increased BOS helps ability to keep balanced).
- Arms in high “guard.”
- Feet positioned with toes out.
- Steps are clumsy & require much attention.
Stages of Crawling
- Crawling with chest & belly on floor.
- Low creeping with belly Off of floor.
- Rocking back and forth on hands and knees.
- Creeping forward on hands and knees with arms/legs alternating.
Stages of Rolling
- Prone to Supine.
- Supine to Side-lying.
- Prone to Side Lying.
- Supine to Prone.
When in development will baby be able to: Gross inaccurate reach. • 1-3 Months. • 3-4 Months. • 3-6 Months. • 6-9 Months.
Baby will be able to Gross inaccurate reach at 1-3 months, along with swiping at objects while in supine.
At what age can we expect babies to develop the ability to reach indirectly with one hand? • 1-3 months. • 3-4 months. • 3-6 months. • 6-9 months.
One-handed indirect reach develops at 3-4 months.
When can we expect babies to be able to reach toward midline, use two hands in supine, & sit? • 1-3 months. • 3-4 months. • 3-6 months. • 6-9 months.
Babies will be able to reach toward midline, able to use two hands in supine, then be able to sit at 3-6 months.
When will babies be able to actively decide whether to reach with one hand or two? • 1-3 months. • 3-4 months. • 3-6 months. • 6-9 months.
Babies can reach with EITHER one or two hands at 6-9 months.
When will babies reaching accuracy noticeably increase? • 1-3 months. • 3-4 months. • 3-6 months. • 6-9 months.
6-9 months.
When will babies be able to reach in all directions? • 1-3 months. • 3-4 months. • 3-6 months. • 6-9 months.
6-9 months.
When will babies be able to carry objects through space? • 1-3 months. • 3-4 months. • 3-6 months. • 6-9 months.
6-9 months.
When will babies be able to reach smoothly & efficiently? • 1-3 months. • 3-4 months. • 3-6 months. • 6-9 months.
6-9 months.
When will the Ulnar-Palmar grasp develop? What is the Ulnar-Palmar grasp? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. •9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
Hold items with fingers on the ulnar side of the palm, squeezing with fingers–thumb not involved.
• 3-5 months.
When will the Palmar grasp develop? What is the Palmar grasp? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. •9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
Hold object in center of the palm, continues to grasp object with fingers only–cannot move object within hand.
• 3-5 months.
When will the Accidental release develop? What is it? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. •9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
Release involuntarily in association with other movements.
• 5-6 months.
When will the Radial Palmar grasp develop? What is it? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. •9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
Hold object on the radial side of the palm; thumb not involved.
• 5-6 months.
Fingers sweep the surface to grasp an object; the object ends up trapped between fingers–thumb not involved. Who dis? When does it develop? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. •9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
Raking grasp.
• 5-6 months.
When will the Lateral Pinch/Scissor Grasp develop? What is it? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. •9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
Thumb holds object against lateral boarder of index finger.
• 6-8 months.
When will a baby be able to move an object from one hand to the other? What is this grasp called? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. •9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
The “Transfers.”
• 6-8 months.
When will the baby be able to hold an object with the thumb against base of all 4 fingers (not the palm). What is this grasp called? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. •9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
Radial-Digital grasp.
• 7 Months.
When will babies be able to grasp an object with their thumb, index, & middle finger? What is this gasp called? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. •9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
Three-Jaw-Chuck.
• 7 Months.
Baby grabs an object using just their thumb & middle finger, holding it against the middle of their finger. What grasp is this and when will it develop?
Inferior Pincer: 9-10 months.
When will baby be able to throw food in your general direction? What is this gasp called? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. • 9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
Active Release: 9-10 months (cannot accurately place object).
Inferior vs. Superior vs. Neet Pincer: What are they and when will they develop? • 3-5 Months. • 5-6 Months. • 6-8 Months. • 7 Months. • 9-10 Months. • 10-12 Months. • 12 Months. • 15 Months. • 18 Months-2 Years.
Inferior Pincer: Thumb to middle of middle-finger grasp–9-10 months.
Superior Pincer: Thumb to index, tip-to-tip. 10-12 months.
Neat Pincer: Thumb to index, pad to pad. 10-12 months.
What grasps are necessary for a child to be able to stack blocks?
Three-Jaw-Chuck & Precise release.
What gasp does a baby need to be able to pick up their fork and drop it on the plate?
Neat Pincer & Graded Release (able to drop object within a larger container, not accurately.
What gasp will a child need to use a toothbrush?
Tool use (maybe power grip, too? Dale, no power tools)
At what age will a baby be able to manipulate an object with fingers? • < 6 months. • 6-12 months. • 12 months-3 years. • > 3 years.
6-12 months.
At what age will baby be able to move an object between two hands, noticing the difference in shapes. • < 6 months. • 6-12 months. • 12 months-3 years. • > 3 years.
12 months-3 years.
At what age will child begin in-hand manipulation of objects? • < 6 months. • 6-12 months. • 12 months-3 years. • > 3 years.
Before 3 years.
At what age will baby be able to do the Superman? • 0-2 months. • 3-5 months. • 6-8 months. • 9-11 months. • 12 months. • 18 months. • 2 years. • 3 years. • 4 years. • 5 years. • 6 years.
3-5 months.
At what age will baby be able to utilize Protective Reflexes of UEs? • 0-2 months. • 3-5 months. • 6-8 months. • 9-11 months. • 12 months. • 18 months. • 2 years. • 3 years. • 4 years. • 5 years. • 6 years.
6-8 months.
At what age can baby sit independently & play with a toy? • 0-2 months. • 3-5 months. • 6-8 months. • 9-11 months. • 12 months. • 18 months. • 2 years. • 3 years. • 4 years. • 5 years. • 6 years.
9-11 months.
At what age will baby be able to transition into different positions: sitting, quadruped, lying on tummy? • 0-2 months. • 3-5 months. • 6-8 months. • 9-11 months. • 12 months. • 18 months. • 2 years. • 3 years. • 4 years. • 5 years. • 6 years.
12 Months.
At what age will a baby be able to sit, crawl, walk? • 0-2 months. • 3-5 months. • 6-8 months. • 9-11 months. • 12 months. • 18 months. • 2 years. • 3 years. • 4 years. • 5 years. • 6 years.
18 months.
At what age will child be able to walk smoothly & turn corners as well as simple athletics (kick ball, throw underhand, jump 4") • 0-2 months. • 3-5 months. • 6-8 months. • 9-11 months. • 12 months. • 18 months. • 2 years. • 3 years. • 4 years. • 5 years. • 6 years.
2 years.
At what age will a child begin to display Dynamic Grasping Patterns? • < 6 months. • 6-12 months. • 12 months-3 years. • > 3 years.
• > 3 years.
What are the 4 stages of Fine Motor Skill Building?
1) Swiping.
2) Active Reach (begins with one-hand, progresses to bilateral).
3) Bilateral Coordination (first pattern to emerge is hand-to-hand play).
4) Release (uses avoidance pattern).
