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AnP 1 > Exam 2 study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs.

A

Support a main function of bone.

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2
Q

Provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord and vital organs.

A

Protection a main function of bone.

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3
Q

Provides levers for muscles.

A

Movement a main function of bone.

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4
Q

Reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.

A

Storage a main function of bone.

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5
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones.

A

Blood Cell Production a main function of bone.

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6
Q

Function is to develop into osteoblasts. Found in the deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow.

A

Osteogenic Cells

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7
Q

Main function involves bone formation. Found in the growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum.

A

Osteoblasts

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8
Q

Function is for bone resorption. Found on bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone.q

A

Osteoclasts

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9
Q

Function is to maintain mineral concentration of matrix. Found entrapped in the matrix of the bone.

A

Osteocytes

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10
Q

Open pockets where osteocytes reside.

A

Lacunae

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11
Q

Concentric rings of calcified matrix.

A

Lamellae

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12
Q

Contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels.

A

Central/Haversian Canal

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13
Q

Small channels that connect connecting lacunae allowing nutrients and wastes to move.

A

Canaliculi

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14
Q

The tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. Filled with yellow marrow, compact bone shell.

A

Diaphysis

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15
Q

The wider section at the ends of the bone. Spongy bone covered by compact bone. Enlarged to strengthen joint and attach ligaments.

A

Epiphysis

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16
Q

Acts like a shock absorber and reduces friction.

A

Articular Cartilage

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17
Q

The outer layer of collagen.

A

Periosteum

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18
Q

Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity.

A

Endosteum

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19
Q

Hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow.

A

Medullary Canal

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20
Q

Plates of bones sandwiched between connective tissue membranes. Contains no shaft or epiphyses. Bone marrow throughout spongy bone; no marrow cavity. Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces.

A

Structure of the flat bone

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21
Q

It appears poorly organized and resists massive forces, yet it is lightweight

A

Spongy Bone

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22
Q

Aligns along lines of stress to help resist it. Contains no osteons. Contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi. Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients.

A

Trabeculae

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23
Q

Bone formation between the flats bone of the skull.

A

Intramembranous Ossification

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24
Q

Bone formation that from an existing area of hyaline cartilage in long and short bones. Such as the growth plate of the bone.

A

Endochondral Ossification

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25
Q

Triggers chondrocyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates, resulting in the increasing length of bones. Increases calcium retention, which enhances mineralization, and stimulates osteoblastic activity, which improves bone density.

A

Growth Hormones

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26
Q

Promotes osteoblastic activity and the synthesis of bone matrix.

A

Thyroid Hormone- Thyroxine

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27
Q

A negative feedback loop.
Receptor- The parathyroid gland detects low calcium
Integrator: parathyroid hormone is secreted into the blood stream
Effector: Osteoclast cells break down the bone by releasing minerals into blood.

A

Parathyroid Hormone Feed back loop

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28
Q

Negative Feed-back loop.
Receptor: Thyroid gland calcium levels are too high.
Integrator: Thyroid gland produces calcitonin that stimulates osteoblasts.
Effector: Osteoblast cells absorb calcium from the blood and deposit it into the bone.

A

Calcitonin Feed back loop

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29
Q

Is needed to make calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, which form the hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its hardness.

A

Calcium

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30
Q

Is needed for the absorption of calcium. No vitamin D, no calcium absorption.

A

Vitamin D

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31
Q

Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone.

A

Transverse Fracture

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32
Q

Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees.

A

Oblique Fracture

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33
Q

bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion.

A

Spiral Fracture

34
Q

Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments.

A

Comminuted Fracture

35
Q

One fragment is driven into the other, usually as the result of a compression.

A

Impacted Fracture

36
Q

A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken.

A

Greenstick Fracture

37
Q

A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high risk of infection.

A

Open/Compound Fracture

38
Q

A fracture in which the skin remains intact.

A

Closed/Simple Fracture

39
Q

The study of joints.

A

Arthrology

40
Q

The study of musculoskeletal movement.

A

Kinesiology

41
Q

The site where two or more bones meet. Function of joints include skeleton mobility and holds skeleton together.

A

Articulations

42
Q

Freely movable joints, that can be one (forward or backwards Knee) axis of movement or three (forward backwards, side to side shoulder).

A

Diarthrosis

43
Q

Moves a little, range of motion is limited, wiggles, or glide past another.

A

Amphiarthrosis

44
Q

There is no movement (forearm bones, sutures in the skull) tight positioning. Holds bone in specific position.

A

Synarthrosis

45
Q

Made up of a collagen mesh, ex dense connective tissue that holds the bones together.

A

Fibrous

46
Q

Two types of cartilage either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

A

Cartilaginous

47
Q

Attach in unique ways, 1) a joint capsule made of collagen. 2) Inside the joint capsule you have synovial fluid to help ease the movement. 3) Hyaline cartilage at the end of every long bone. Helps pad the epiphysis.

A

Synovial

48
Q

Location between the flat bones of the skull. Structural class is fibrous. Functional class does not move, synarthrosis.

A

Suture Joints

49
Q

Location between the radius and the ulna and another found between the tibia and fibula. Structural class fibrous connection joins the bone at the diaphysis (shaft of two bones). Functional class synarthrosis does not move.

A

Syndesmosis

50
Q

Location is a tooth in socket. Structural class is fibrous connected by periodontal ligaments. Functional class synarthrosis does not move.

A

Gomphosis

51
Q

Location is at the growth plate, ribs to sternum. Structural class is hyaline cartilage cartilaginous. Functional class is synarthrosis non moveable.

A

Synchondrosis

52
Q

Location is between coxal bones hips, intervertebral disks. Structural class includes cartilaginous fibrocartilage. Functional class is amphiarthrosis moves a little.

A

Symphysis joint

53
Q

Location is elbow, shoulder, knee, hip, ankle, wrist. Structural class synovial has capsule, cartilage, and fluid. Functional class is diarthrotic freely moveable.

A

Synovial joint

54
Q

Slipping movements only.

A

Non-axial joint

55
Q

Movement in one place.

A

Uniaxial/Monoaxial joint

56
Q

Movement in two planes.

A

Biaxial joint

57
Q

Movement in or around all three planes.

A

Multiaxial joint

58
Q

Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other. Intercarsal or intertarsals. Non axial joint and considered amphiarthroses.

A

Gliding or Plane Joints

59
Q

One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on other bone. Examples ulna and humerus at the elbow joint, femur and tibia at knee joint, phalangeal joints. It is uniaxial and diarthrosis.

A

Hinge Joint

60
Q

One bone has a projection that fits into a ring-like ligament of another. First the bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other. Atlantoaxial joint (dens and atlas), proximal radioulnar joints allow the radius during pronation and supination. It is uniaxial/ monoaxial and diarthrosis.

A

Pivot Joint

61
Q

Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next. Radiocarpal joint of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers. Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, convex in one direction and convex in the other. Trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb and is a biaxial joint and diarthrosis.

A

Condylar and Saddle Joints

62
Q

Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression. The head of humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of scapula. Head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of the hip bone. It is a multiaxial joint and diarthrosis.

A

Ball and Socket Joints

63
Q

Decreases the angle of a joint, forming fist, bicep curl.

A

Flexion

64
Q

Straightens and returns to the anatomical position.

A

Extension

65
Q

Extension beyond 180 degrees, not normal bad.

A

Hypertension

66
Q

The movement of a part of the body away from the midline.

A

Abduction

67
Q

Movement of a body part towards the midline.

A

Adduction

68
Q

Is movement in which one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.

A

Circumduction

69
Q

Movement on longitudinal axis, rotation of trunk, thigh, head or arm.

A

Rotation

70
Q

Turns the bone inward.

A

Medical Rotation

71
Q

Turns the bone outward.

A

Lateral Rotation

72
Q

A movement that raises a bone vertically, example mandibles are above higher during biting and clavicles during a shoulder shrug.

A

Elevation

73
Q

A lowering of the mandible or the shoulders.

A

Depression

74
Q

Is movement anteriorly on horizontal plane example, thrusting the jaw forward, shoulders or pelvis moving forward.

A

Protraction

75
Q

Movement that is towards the posterior.

A

Retraction

76
Q

Rotation of forearm so that the palm faces forward. Inversion and abduction of foot ex raising the medial edge of the foot.

A

Supination

77
Q

Rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear. Eversion and abduction of foot ex raising the lateral edge of the foot.

A

Pronation

78
Q

Occur when two flat surfaces glide over one another.

A

Gliding Movement

79
Q

Flexion and extension, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, and abduction and adduction.

A

Angular Movement

80
Q

Rotation, pronation and supination, and circumduction.

A

Circular Movement

81
Q

Elevation, depression protraction, retraction, excursion, opposition, reposition, inversion and eversion.

A

Special Movement

AnP 1 (11 decks)

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