Exam 2 study Guide Flashcards
Form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs.
Support a main function of bone.
Provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord and vital organs.
Protection a main function of bone.
Provides levers for muscles.
Movement a main function of bone.
Reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.
Storage a main function of bone.
Hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones.
Blood Cell Production a main function of bone.
Function is to develop into osteoblasts. Found in the deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow.
Osteogenic Cells
Main function involves bone formation. Found in the growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum.
Osteoblasts
Function is for bone resorption. Found on bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone.q
Osteoclasts
Function is to maintain mineral concentration of matrix. Found entrapped in the matrix of the bone.
Osteocytes
Open pockets where osteocytes reside.
Lacunae
Concentric rings of calcified matrix.
Lamellae
Contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels.
Central/Haversian Canal
Small channels that connect connecting lacunae allowing nutrients and wastes to move.
Canaliculi
The tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. Filled with yellow marrow, compact bone shell.
Diaphysis
The wider section at the ends of the bone. Spongy bone covered by compact bone. Enlarged to strengthen joint and attach ligaments.
Epiphysis
Acts like a shock absorber and reduces friction.
Articular Cartilage
The outer layer of collagen.
Periosteum
Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity.
Endosteum
Hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow.
Medullary Canal
Plates of bones sandwiched between connective tissue membranes. Contains no shaft or epiphyses. Bone marrow throughout spongy bone; no marrow cavity. Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces.
Structure of the flat bone
It appears poorly organized and resists massive forces, yet it is lightweight
Spongy Bone
Aligns along lines of stress to help resist it. Contains no osteons. Contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi. Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients.
Trabeculae
Bone formation between the flats bone of the skull.
Intramembranous Ossification
Bone formation that from an existing area of hyaline cartilage in long and short bones. Such as the growth plate of the bone.
Endochondral Ossification
Triggers chondrocyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates, resulting in the increasing length of bones. Increases calcium retention, which enhances mineralization, and stimulates osteoblastic activity, which improves bone density.
Growth Hormones
Promotes osteoblastic activity and the synthesis of bone matrix.
Thyroid Hormone- Thyroxine
A negative feedback loop.
Receptor- The parathyroid gland detects low calcium
Integrator: parathyroid hormone is secreted into the blood stream
Effector: Osteoclast cells break down the bone by releasing minerals into blood.
Parathyroid Hormone Feed back loop
Negative Feed-back loop.
Receptor: Thyroid gland calcium levels are too high.
Integrator: Thyroid gland produces calcitonin that stimulates osteoblasts.
Effector: Osteoblast cells absorb calcium from the blood and deposit it into the bone.
Calcitonin Feed back loop
Is needed to make calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, which form the hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its hardness.
Calcium
Is needed for the absorption of calcium. No vitamin D, no calcium absorption.
Vitamin D
Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone.
Transverse Fracture
Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees.
Oblique Fracture
bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion.
Spiral Fracture
Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments.
Comminuted Fracture
One fragment is driven into the other, usually as the result of a compression.
Impacted Fracture
A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken.
Greenstick Fracture
A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high risk of infection.
Open/Compound Fracture
A fracture in which the skin remains intact.
Closed/Simple Fracture
The study of joints.
Arthrology
The study of musculoskeletal movement.
Kinesiology
The site where two or more bones meet. Function of joints include skeleton mobility and holds skeleton together.
Articulations
Freely movable joints, that can be one (forward or backwards Knee) axis of movement or three (forward backwards, side to side shoulder).
Diarthrosis
Moves a little, range of motion is limited, wiggles, or glide past another.
Amphiarthrosis
There is no movement (forearm bones, sutures in the skull) tight positioning. Holds bone in specific position.
Synarthrosis
Made up of a collagen mesh, ex dense connective tissue that holds the bones together.
Fibrous
Two types of cartilage either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
Cartilaginous
Attach in unique ways, 1) a joint capsule made of collagen. 2) Inside the joint capsule you have synovial fluid to help ease the movement. 3) Hyaline cartilage at the end of every long bone. Helps pad the epiphysis.
Synovial
Location between the flat bones of the skull. Structural class is fibrous. Functional class does not move, synarthrosis.
Suture Joints
Location between the radius and the ulna and another found between the tibia and fibula. Structural class fibrous connection joins the bone at the diaphysis (shaft of two bones). Functional class synarthrosis does not move.
Syndesmosis
Location is a tooth in socket. Structural class is fibrous connected by periodontal ligaments. Functional class synarthrosis does not move.
Gomphosis
Location is at the growth plate, ribs to sternum. Structural class is hyaline cartilage cartilaginous. Functional class is synarthrosis non moveable.
Synchondrosis
Location is between coxal bones hips, intervertebral disks. Structural class includes cartilaginous fibrocartilage. Functional class is amphiarthrosis moves a little.
Symphysis joint
Location is elbow, shoulder, knee, hip, ankle, wrist. Structural class synovial has capsule, cartilage, and fluid. Functional class is diarthrotic freely moveable.
Synovial joint
Slipping movements only.
Non-axial joint
Movement in one place.
Uniaxial/Monoaxial joint
Movement in two planes.
Biaxial joint
Movement in or around all three planes.
Multiaxial joint
Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other. Intercarsal or intertarsals. Non axial joint and considered amphiarthroses.
Gliding or Plane Joints
One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on other bone. Examples ulna and humerus at the elbow joint, femur and tibia at knee joint, phalangeal joints. It is uniaxial and diarthrosis.
Hinge Joint
One bone has a projection that fits into a ring-like ligament of another. First the bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other. Atlantoaxial joint (dens and atlas), proximal radioulnar joints allow the radius during pronation and supination. It is uniaxial/ monoaxial and diarthrosis.
Pivot Joint
Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next. Radiocarpal joint of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers. Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, convex in one direction and convex in the other. Trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb and is a biaxial joint and diarthrosis.
Condylar and Saddle Joints
Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression. The head of humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of scapula. Head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of the hip bone. It is a multiaxial joint and diarthrosis.
Ball and Socket Joints
Decreases the angle of a joint, forming fist, bicep curl.
Flexion
Straightens and returns to the anatomical position.
Extension
Extension beyond 180 degrees, not normal bad.
Hypertension
The movement of a part of the body away from the midline.
Abduction
Movement of a body part towards the midline.
Adduction
Is movement in which one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.
Circumduction
Movement on longitudinal axis, rotation of trunk, thigh, head or arm.
Rotation
Turns the bone inward.
Medical Rotation
Turns the bone outward.
Lateral Rotation
A movement that raises a bone vertically, example mandibles are above higher during biting and clavicles during a shoulder shrug.
Elevation
A lowering of the mandible or the shoulders.
Depression
Is movement anteriorly on horizontal plane example, thrusting the jaw forward, shoulders or pelvis moving forward.
Protraction
Movement that is towards the posterior.
Retraction
Rotation of forearm so that the palm faces forward. Inversion and abduction of foot ex raising the medial edge of the foot.
Supination
Rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear. Eversion and abduction of foot ex raising the lateral edge of the foot.
Pronation
Occur when two flat surfaces glide over one another.
Gliding Movement
Flexion and extension, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, and abduction and adduction.
Angular Movement
Rotation, pronation and supination, and circumduction.
Circular Movement
Elevation, depression protraction, retraction, excursion, opposition, reposition, inversion and eversion.
Special Movement
