Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
The study of structure of the human body. There are subdivisions which include gross or macroscopic and microscopic. It is studied with the use of senses; vision, hearing, smell, touch.
Anatomy
They study of the functions of the body. Studying basic chemical principles and physical principles. It is studied with the use form which is the visual appearance and configuration of an organism or function which is any type of life process carried out by the organism.
Physiology
Function is to protect the deeper tissues from injury and infection. Also synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous(receptors). Includes hair, skin, and nails.
Integumentary System
Function is to support the body, enable movement with muscular system and creates red blood cells and minerals. Includes bones, cartilage, and joints.
Skeletal System
Function is to regulate body temperature and assist in the movement of the body, blood and food. Includes skeletal muscles and tendons.
Muscular Sytem
Function is to detect and process sensory information and activate bodily system. Includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Nervous System
Function is to secrete hormones, regulate bodily processes, growth, reproductive and nutrient use. Includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, testes and ovaries.
Endocrine System
Function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues throughout the body. The blood is delivered via blood. Includes heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular System
Function is to hold white blood cells, activate the immune system and pick up fluid that is leaked from blood vessels. Includes lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic System
Function is to deliver oxygen to blood and remove the carbon dioxide. Includes the lungs, nasal passage, and trachea.
Respiratory System
Function is to break down food, absorb the nutrients and remove waste. Includes the stomach, liver, gall, bladder, large intestine and small intestine.
Digestive Sytem
Function is to eliminate nitrogenous water from the body. Also regulates water, electrolytes, acids
Urinary System
Function is to produce an offspring. Includes epididymis, ovaries, uterus and mammary glands.
Reproductive System
Face forward palms up.
Anatomical Position
Lying with face up and torso up.
Supine
Lying with face down and torso down.
Prone
Towards the head or above. The head is superior to the feet.
Superior
Towards the feet or below. The feet are inferior to the head.
Inferior
Towards the front of the body. The sternum is anterior to the spine.
Anterior/Ventral
Towards the back of the body or behind. The heart is posterior to the sternum.
Posterior/Dorsal
Closer to the trunk or torso. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Proximal
Away from the trunk or torso. The knee is distal to the thigh.
Distal
Towards the midline of the body. The spine is medial to the kidneys.
Medial
Away from the midline towards the outer side. The kidney is lateral to the spine.
Lateral
Towards the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the muscles.
Superficial
Under the surface of the skin. The bones are deep to the muscle.
Deep
Includes the head, neck and trunk.
Axial
All limbs, arms, hands, legs, feet.
Appendicular
Divides the body into left and right parts equally.
Sagital
Divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) parts and the waist.
Transverse
Divides the body into anterior(front) and posterior(back) parts.
Frontal or Coronal
Includes the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic regions. Each provide different degrees of protection to the organs.
Ventral Cavity
Bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm.
Thoracic Cavity
Bounded by the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
Abdominal Cavity
Encases the brain.
Cranial Cavity
Encases the spine.
Vertebral Cavity
The tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment.
Homeostasis
Monitors environment, measures changes and responds to stimuli.
Receptor
Receives input from the receptor. Determines the set point for which variable is maintained. Determines the appropriate response or action.
Integrator
Receives output from control center. Provides the means to response. Responds by either reducing or enhancing the stimulus.
Effector
A deviation from a set point, is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis.
Negative Feedback
Results in a change in the body’s status, rather than a return to homeostasis.
Positive Feedback
A collection of cells and extra cellular matrix around them.
Tissues
The study of the microscopic structures of tissues. Looking at tissues and cells under a microscope.
Histology