Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
The study of structure of the human body. There are subdivisions which include gross or macroscopic and microscopic. It is studied with the use of senses; vision, hearing, smell, touch.
Anatomy
They study of the functions of the body. Studying basic chemical principles and physical principles. It is studied with the use form which is the visual appearance and configuration of an organism or function which is any type of life process carried out by the organism.
Physiology
Function is to protect the deeper tissues from injury and infection. Also synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous(receptors). Includes hair, skin, and nails.
Integumentary System
Function is to support the body, enable movement with muscular system and creates red blood cells and minerals. Includes bones, cartilage, and joints.
Skeletal System
Function is to regulate body temperature and assist in the movement of the body, blood and food. Includes skeletal muscles and tendons.
Muscular Sytem
Function is to detect and process sensory information and activate bodily system. Includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Nervous System
Function is to secrete hormones, regulate bodily processes, growth, reproductive and nutrient use. Includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, testes and ovaries.
Endocrine System
Function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues throughout the body. The blood is delivered via blood. Includes heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular System
Function is to hold white blood cells, activate the immune system and pick up fluid that is leaked from blood vessels. Includes lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic System
Function is to deliver oxygen to blood and remove the carbon dioxide. Includes the lungs, nasal passage, and trachea.
Respiratory System
Function is to break down food, absorb the nutrients and remove waste. Includes the stomach, liver, gall, bladder, large intestine and small intestine.
Digestive Sytem
Function is to eliminate nitrogenous water from the body. Also regulates water, electrolytes, acids
Urinary System
Function is to produce an offspring. Includes epididymis, ovaries, uterus and mammary glands.
Reproductive System
Face forward palms up.
Anatomical Position
Lying with face up and torso up.
Supine
Lying with face down and torso down.
Prone
Towards the head or above. The head is superior to the feet.
Superior
Towards the feet or below. The feet are inferior to the head.
Inferior
Towards the front of the body. The sternum is anterior to the spine.
Anterior/Ventral
Towards the back of the body or behind. The heart is posterior to the sternum.
Posterior/Dorsal
Closer to the trunk or torso. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Proximal
Away from the trunk or torso. The knee is distal to the thigh.
Distal
Towards the midline of the body. The spine is medial to the kidneys.
Medial
Away from the midline towards the outer side. The kidney is lateral to the spine.
Lateral
Towards the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the muscles.
Superficial
Under the surface of the skin. The bones are deep to the muscle.
Deep
Includes the head, neck and trunk.
Axial
All limbs, arms, hands, legs, feet.
Appendicular
Divides the body into left and right parts equally.
Sagital
Divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) parts and the waist.
Transverse
Divides the body into anterior(front) and posterior(back) parts.
Frontal or Coronal
Includes the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic regions. Each provide different degrees of protection to the organs.
Ventral Cavity
Bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm.
Thoracic Cavity
Bounded by the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
Abdominal Cavity
Encases the brain.
Cranial Cavity
Encases the spine.
Vertebral Cavity
The tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment.
Homeostasis
Monitors environment, measures changes and responds to stimuli.
Receptor
Receives input from the receptor. Determines the set point for which variable is maintained. Determines the appropriate response or action.
Integrator
Receives output from control center. Provides the means to response. Responds by either reducing or enhancing the stimulus.
Effector
A deviation from a set point, is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis.
Negative Feedback
Results in a change in the body’s status, rather than a return to homeostasis.
Positive Feedback
A collection of cells and extra cellular matrix around them.
Tissues
The study of the microscopic structures of tissues. Looking at tissues and cells under a microscope.
Histology
The science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that details with laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.
Pathology
Layers of closely adhering cells, flat sheet with upper surface exposed to the environment or an internal body cavity. There are no blood vessels also known as avascular. Rests on the matrix called the basement membrane. A thin layer of collagen and adhesive proteins. Which helps anchor epithelium to connective tissue.
Epithelial
Is a single row of cells.
Simple
Are multiple Rows or layers of cells
Stratified
Is flattened oval and scale like, the nucleus is also flattened. Normally a single layer of cells which permit diffusion, secretion and filtration. Example found in the lung where alveoli participate in gas exchange.
Simple Squamous
Many layers of irregular shaped cells. Keratinized and dead in the skin acts like a protective layer. Example found in the epidermis which is the top of your skin. Non keratinized is alive inside the body because it provides nutrients. Example found in the oral cavity.
Stratified Squamous
Cells shaped boxlike(squarish) with a round nucleus. A single row square shaped cells which permit secretion and absorption. Always create urine or liquid waste. Example found in the kidney tubules.
Simple Cuboidal
Cells that are found in the linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts often alongside a columnar cell. They produce mucin which dissolves in water to form mucus. Mucus acts a slimy protective layer or a lubricating coating.
Goblet Cells
Tall column shaped cells with an elongated nucleus. Single rows of cells that permit absorption and secretion. Goblet cells are involved in absorbing the nutrients and transmit them to the underlying cells. Example found all throughout the digestive tract.
Simple Columnar
These cells appear in various shapes but are present in a single row one way to recognize them is that they contain goblet cells but also cilia is present. Example found in the respiratory tract.
Pseudostratified Columnar
Multi layered with cells that change shape when stretched they look stratified however they are simple. Example found in the urinary bladder and urinary tract.
Transitional Epithelia
Fibrous proteins such as collagen and elastin. Matrix components include proteoglycans, protein core + large polysaccharides chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid.
Connective Tissue
Germ cells that help form the matrix.
Blast Cells
Cells that help maintain the matrix.
Cyte Cells
Cells that secrete enzymes to break down the matrix.
Clast Cells
Loose arrangement of collagen/elastin fibers and fibroblast cells. Usually found underneath epithelial, between muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.
Areolar Tissue
Empty looking adipocyte cells; found all over the body and are used for energy storage, insulation, and cushioning. Found around the heart and kidneys.
Adipose Tissue
Densely packed parallel collagen fibers and fibro blasts, few vessels. Tendons connect muscles to bone. Ligaments attach bone to bone.
Dense Regular Tissue
Bundles of collagen irregularly arranged; elastin and fibroblasts are present. Found in the dermis of the skin.
Dense Irregular Tissue
Clustered cells in hyaluronic acid matrix; cells appear in pairs and help support the airway and eases joint movement.
Hyaline Cartilage
Its hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers. Found in the ear and epiglottis.
Elastic Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage but with more collagen; chondroitin matrix resists compression and absorbs shock. Found in the intervertebral discs.
Fibrocartilage
Calcified matrix which is hydroxyapatite and collagen + osteocytes. Helps skeletal support and mineral storage.
Osseous Bone
Is a connective tissue, it contains nucleated and non-nucleated cells in the plasma. Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
Blood
Is a 3-step process that is necessary when barriers are penetrated. Cells need to divide and migrate and can occur in two different ways regeneration or fibrosis.
Tissue Repair
The same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue and the original function of the tissue is restored.
Regeneration
Connective is replaces destroyed tissue resulting in a scar and the original function is lost.
Fibrosis
The release of inflammatory chemicals, clotting occurs, dilation of blood vessels and an increase in vessel permeability.
Step 1 Inflammation
Organization is restored to the blood supply, the blood clot is replaced with a granulation tissue, epithelium begins to regenerate, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap, and the debris is phagocytized.
Step 2 Regeneration
The scab will detach, fibrous tissue matures epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue, the results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue.
Step 3 Fibrosis
Against abrasion and UV light, prevents entry of microorganisms and dehydration.
Protection Integument
Sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure and pain.
Sensation Integument
Regulation by controlling blood flow through the skin, and sweat gland activity.
Temperature Integument
Vitamin D precursor production
Metabolic function
The superficial layer/region, composed of epithelial tissue. Includes 5 layers of the Epidermis.
Epidermis Layer
Consists of two layers that are composed of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue and is highly vascular (lots of vessels). Papillary layer which is the superficial zone of dermis, thin zone and allows for mobility of leukocytes if the epidermis breaks and is rich in small blood vessels. Reticular layer is deeper and much thicker layer that consists of irregular connective tissues. Stretch marks are tears in the collagen fibers caused from over stretching. Different types of connective tissue that include collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, fibroblasts.
Dermis Layer
Is the subcutaneous layer that acts as thermal insulation and energy reservoir. Consists of more areolar and adipose tissue that pads the body and binds the skin to the underlying tissues> Normally the zone for drugs to be introduced by injection due to being highly vascular.
Hypodermis Layer
Produce fibrous protein keratin and are tightly connected by desmosomes.
Keratinocyte Cells
10-25% of cells in deepest epidermis. They produce a pigment called melanin which is packaged into melanosomes. Melanin is the base color or our skin. Also provides protection to the apical surface of the keratinocyte nucleus form UV damage.
Melanocyte Cells
Macrophages that play a key role in activating the immune system.
Dendritic Langerhans Cells
The first layer of the epidermis. Contains up to 30 layers of dead skin. The surface exfoliates or flakes off. Creates 75% of epidermal surface. Protects from cuts, pathogen entry and water loss.
Stratum Corneum
The second layer of the epidermis. Thin translucent zone seen only in thick skin and does not stain well. Cells have nucleus or organelles and there are no hairs in this area.
Stratum Lucidum
The third layer of the epidermis. Consists of 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes. Produces lipid-filled vesicles that releasee a glycolipid by exocytosis to water-proof the skin. Forms barriers between surface cells and deeper layers of the epidermis. Cuts off surface strata from nutrient supply.
Stratum Granulosum
This is the fourth layer of the epidermis. Appears spiny due to the shrinkage during histological preparation. Cells are connected by desmosomes. Contains dendritic cells which help protect body against pathogens by presenting them to the immune system.
Stratum Spinosum
This is the fifth layer of the epidermis. Single layer of cells on the basement membrane. Takes about 25-40 days to reach the surface, cells do die on this journey. Cells that are found in this layer include Keratinocytes, melanocytes and tactile cells.
Stratum Basale
Melanin is the base color or our skin and is produced by melanocytes.
Purpose of melanin
Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue. Releases materials by exocytosis, simple tubular gland that helps cool the body. The sweat that is released is composed of water, salt antibodies, metabolic waste and antimicrobial enzymes.
Merocrine gland
Produce sweat that is thicker, milky and contains fatty acids. Scent glands respond to stress and sexual stimulation which is developed during puberty.
Apocrine gland
Chemicals that influence the physiology of behavior of other members of the species.
Pheromones
Body odor produced by bacterial action on fatty acid.
Bromhidrosis
Cells die when they release secretion, which is an oily substance called sebum that contains broken down cells. Flask shaped glands with ducts that open into hair follicles.
Sebaceous gland
Is a negative feed-back loop. Thermometers in the skin measure external temperature. Impulses sent to the hypothalamus, alerting brain of the change. The effectors include skeletal muscles, blood vessels, and sweat glands that activate into the correct body temperature.
Thermoregulation
In the presence of sunlight, a form of vitamin D3 called cholecalciferol is synthesized from a derivative of the steroid cholesterol in the skin. Liver and kidneys are both involved downstream in final reactions. Vitamin D is required for absorption of calcium in digestion.
Vitamin D synthesis
Induced by UV rays of the sun.
Skin Cancer
Asymmetry, Border Irregular, Color, Diameter
ABCD Rule
When cancer cells spread from the original location and forms tumors elsewhere.
Metastasize
The least dangers form of cancer, arises from the stratum Basale and invades the dermis.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Arises from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum. Metastasis to the lymph nodes can be lethal.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
The deadliest form of cancer, arises from melanocyte of a preexisting mole.
Malignant Melanoma
Blueness form deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood (cold weather)
Cyanosis
Redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels (anger, fever, embarrassment)
Erythema
Yellowing of skin and sclera due to excess of bilirubin in blood (liver disease)
Jaundice
Pale color from lack of blood flow, anemia, low blood pressure.
Pallor
A genetic lack of melanin
Albinism
A bruise or visibly clotted blood.
Hematoma
The study of skin and associated structures.
Dermatology
