Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
What is dyspnea?
labored or difficulty breathing
What are the acute and chronic diseases associated with the upper respiratory tract?
Acute: nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, Rhinitis (common cold), Sinisitis, Pharyngitis/tonsillitis, Influenza (seasonal or viral)
Chronic: Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
What are the acute and chronic diseases associated with the lower respiratory tract?
Acute: bronchitis & pneumonia
Chronic: TB, Asthma, COPD (chronic bronchitis & emphysema), Cystic Fibrosis
What are the EARLY stage symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?
persistent cough and wheezing recurrent pneumonia excessive appetite but poor weight gain salty skin or sweat bulky, foul smelling stools
What are the LATE stage symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?
tachypnea chronic cough barrel chest cyanosis and digital clubbing external dyspnea pneumothorax right heart failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension
Pertaining to, or originating in, a healthcare facility
Nosocomial
Pneumonia contracted during confinement in a healthcare facility
Nosocomial pneumonia
What are the signs and symptoms of BACTERIAL pneumonia?
SUDDEN onset!
HIGH fever!
Dyspnea AND tachypnea!
Chest pain!
What is the causative agent of BACTERIAL pneumonia?
Nosocomial *aerobic gram negative bacilli
Community aquired *gram negative and positive cocci
Which type of pneumonia is LEAST prevalent?
Bacterial Pneumonia
What is the ONLY diagnosis difference of viral and bacterial pneumonia?
They both require: patient history, physical findings, and chest radiograph BUT BACTERIAL pneumonia requires a sputum sample
How do you medically treat BACTERIAL pneumonia?
antibiotics
Most prevalent pneumonia:
Viral Pneumonia
What is the causative agent for VIRAL pneumonia?
a virus
What are the signs and symptoms of VIRAL pneumonia?
MILD symptoms
cough, sputum
MILD fever
ONLY dyspnea
How do you medically treat VIRAL pnuemonia ?
advise patient to have bed rest and drink fluids
A chronic respiratory disease consisting of recurrent episodes of dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing leading to bronchial inflammation and muscle contraction:
Asthma
What is the exact cause of asthma?
it is not completely understood
Most common type of asthma
Triggered by inhaling of an environmental allergen
Extrinsic Asthma
This type of asthma triggers from emotional stress, GERD, obesity, and sometimes unidentified
Ususally seen in adults
Intrinsic Asthma
What are foods & drugs that may trigger Asthma?
Aspirin NSAIDS Beta blockers Nuts, fish, milk, strawberries Tartrazine (yellow food dye) Wine, beer, shrimp, dried fruit Local anesthetic with epinephrine
What is Atopic (Allergic) Asthma?
one type of IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction
One of the five types of antibodies produced by the body & provides defense against environmental allergens
Immunoglobin E
What are the symptoms of Atopic Asthma?
wheezing, coughing, and dyspnea
What does the allergen do during local anaphylaxis?
binds to mast cell in nasal cavity and in bronchiole
What does the allergen do during systemic anaphylaxis?
binds to mast cells throughout the body resulting in an anaphylactic shock
Signs and Symptoms of Severe or Worsening Asthma Attack:
chest tightness, suffocation wheezing, cough flushed appearance, sweating lack of oxygen dilated pupils tachypnea tachycardia
What are the four levels of severity to achieve and maintain asthma control?
Intermittent
Persistent- mild
Persistent- moderate
Persistent- severe
What kind of oral manifestations may occur with a patient who uses an inhaler?
GERD
Oral candidiasis
With beta 2 agonist inhalers: cause decrease in salivary flow and dental biofilm pH, xerostomia, and increase in caries
What are two of the most common diseases?
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Pulmonary disorder that obstruct airflow+-
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Excessive respiratory tract mucus production sufficient to cause a cough with expectoration (coughing up mucus) for at least 3 months of the year for 2 or more years
chronic bronchitis
Drugs that treat acute asthma attacks:
SABA
Anticholinergics (used in hospital emergency room and in inhalers)
Systemic corticosteroids (used with SABAs to speed recovery and prevent reoccurence)
What kind of symptoms do Albuterol treat?
bronchodilator to relax smooth muscle
When is the best time to schedule an appointment for someone with asthma?
Morning
Defined as a widening of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles due to destruction of alveolar walls
“pink puffer”
Emphysema
Autosomal recessive gene disorder. Both parents must carry the genetic mutation for the disease to be transmitted to their children.
Progressive and fatal
No oral manifestations
Cystic Fibrosis
Trisomy 21 syndrome
Down Syndrome
Oral findings with Down Syndrome:
mouth open mouth breather tongue deeply fissured and appear large palate: narrow and vaulted congenitally missing teeth microdontia class lll occlusion periodontitis fewer dental caries
Complex spectrum of developmental disorders marked by limitations in the ability to understand and communicate
Autism
Pharmacological treat for Autistic patients:
stimulants, antidepressants, opiate blockers, and tranquilizers
risperdone is most common
Socioeconomic groups and sex most frequently Autism occurs:
Almost five times greater in males than females
Occurs in all racial, ethnic, and social groups
Periodontal conditions of Down Syndrome patients:
poor oral hygiene
malocclusion
bruxism
conical shaped roots
