Exam 2 Skeletal system part 3

Question 1

Development of the bones @ the top of the skull + clavicle are classified as what type of growth?

Answer 1

Intramembranous (dermal) bone growth

Question 2

Development of the bones of the skull bas + all postcranial bones

Answer 2

Endochondral bone growth (cartilaginous)

Question 3

Endochondral bone growth: ________ model forms (composed of hyaline cartilage)

Answer 3

Cartilaginous

Question 4

Endochondral bone growth: Cartilage disintergrates excavates _____ of the bone; blood vessels invade, bringing undifferentiated _________ cells

Answer 4

Interior; Mesenchymal cells

Question 5

Endochondral bone growth: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into _______, which start forming spongy bone

Answer 5

Ostroblasts

Question 6

Endochondral bone growth: ________ forms; osteoblasts w/in the cellular layer of the _______ form compact bone.

Answer 6

Periosteum; periosteum

Question 7

Endochondral bone growth: Further bone growth takes place in 2 directions:

Answer 7

B/t diaphysis & epiphysis (interstitial growth), Increase in over-all size (appositional growth)

Question 8

Interstitial growth: Blood vessels invade ends of bone, which become _______ centers of ossification

Answer 8

secondary

Question 9

Zone of cartilage remaining b/t primary & secondary ossification centers, site of active growth

Answer 9

Epiphyseal plate

Question 10

Growth ceases when plate ______

Answer 10

ossifies

Question 11

appositional growth: new compact bone deposited by osteoblasts just below the _______

Answer 11

periosteum

Question 12

_____ @ inner bone surface destroy bony connective tissue & enlarge the ______ cavity (if present); remodel compact bone/spongy bone interface

Answer 12

Osteoclasts; medullary cavity

Question 13

Intamembranous bone: Membranes form around _____ _____

Answer 13

Blood vessels

Question 14

Intamembranous bone: Undifferentiated connective tissue cells around blood vessels differentiate into ______, which start forming ______ bone

Answer 14

Osteoblasts; spongy

Question 15

Intamembranous bone: periosteum forms cells w/in the _____ layer differentiate into _______ which start forming compact bone below periosteum

Answer 15

cellular layer, osteoblasts

Question 16

Intamembranous bone: Remaining growth takes place via mechanism similar to appositional growth of ________ bone

Answer 16

Endrochondral bone

Question 17

• Necessary for proper collagen formation

- Deficiency leads to scurvy

Answer 17

Vitamin C

Question 18

Synthesized w/in the skin or ingested in the diet

Answer 18

Vitamin D

Question 19

Vit. D facilitates proper bone mineralization by increasing absorption of calcium w/in the ________ & reabsorption of calcium in the _______

Answer 19

Small intestines; Kidneys

Question 20

Vit. D deficiency in children leads to?

Answer 20

Rickets

Question 21

Vit. D deficiency in adults leads to?

Answer 21

Osteomalacia

Question 22

_______ hormone increases amount of calcium in blood by indirectly stimulating osteoclast activity

Answer 22

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 23

Parathyroid hormone binds to receptors on the ______. which then release __________ ligand

Answer 23

Osteoblast; osteoprotegerin

Question 24

Osteoprotegerin ligand activates receptors on _______ cells, which causes them to mature into _______

Answer 24

preosteoclast cells; osteoclast

Question 25

Excess of parathyroid hormone leads to ____ ______

Answer 25

Bone thinning

Question 26

Stimulates body, bone growth

Answer 26

Pituitary growth hormone

Question 27

Excess pituitary growth hormone in children leads to ______

Answer 27

Gigantism

Question 28

Excess pituitary growth hormone in adults leads to ______

Answer 28

Acromegaly

Question 29

Deficit of pituitary growth hormone in children leads to:

Answer 29

dwarfism

Question 30

Green stick fracture:

Answer 30

bone is bent & incomplete break, usually seen in children

Question 31

Comminuted fracture:

Answer 31

bone fragments = no blood supply, death to cells can happen quickly

Question 32

Compression fracture:

Answer 32

found in limbs, vertebral column, could be from disease weakening the bone & then gravity the bone would become compressed

Question 33

What goes into healing a fracture?

Answer 33

- Fracture hematoma formed from ruptured blood vessels - Soft callus forms (mixture of spongy bone & fibrocartilage) - Hard callus forms by mineralization of soft callus - Remodeling of hard callus to mature (compact/ spongy) bone

Question 34

Inflammation of bone tissue caused by injury or infection

Answer 34

Osteitis

Question 35

Inflammation of periosteum caused by trauma or infection

Answer 35

Periostitis

Question 36

Inflammation of bone interior caused by bacteria, usually initially entering the bone via wound or via blood stream

Answer 36

Osteomyelitis

Question 37

Can spread to the spongy bone (particularly of the vertebral bodies), resulting in bone & joint destruction

Answer 37

Tuberculosis

Question 38

Benign Neoplasms:

Answer 38

Osteochondroma | osteoma

Question 39

Malignant neoplasms:

Answer 39

``` Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma) multiple myeloma ```

Question 40

Reduction in bone mass, most prevalent in middle aged & elderly women

Answer 40

Osteoporosis

Question 41

Can lead to osteoporosis:

Answer 41

- Vit. C defincy | - osteoblast can't keep up w/ osteoclast = loss of bone density