Exam 2: Sensory System

Question 1

What are ionotropic receptors?

Answer 1

ligand gated ion channels that interact with ions

Question 2

Is mechanoreception performed by ionotropic or metabotropic sensory receptors?

Answer 2

Ionotropic

Question 3

Is electroreception performed by ionotropic or metabotropic sensory receptors?

Answer 3

Ionotropic

Question 4

Is thermoreception performed by ionotropic or metabotropic sensory receptors?

Answer 4

Ionotropic

Question 5

Is photoreception performed by ionotropic or metabotropic sensory receptors?

Answer 5

Metabotropic

Question 6

Is gustation performed by ionotropic or metabotropic sensory receptors?

Answer 6

Metabotropic

Question 7

Is olfaction performed by ionotropic or metabotropic sensory receptors?

Answer 7

Metabotropic

Question 8

What are metabtropic receptors?

Answer 8

receptors that cause a response but not a direct change

Question 9

What is the principle of labeled lines?

Answer 9

Brains detect what kind of information is coming in based on the receptor that detected it

Question 10

How do mammal brains deal with redundant or intense signal?

Answer 10

quiets them down

Question 11

What is a phasic response?

Answer 11

When the brain quickly shuts off integration of stimulus

Question 12

What is tonic adaptation?

Answer 12

When it takes a longer period of time for the brain shut down a stimulus

Question 13

What is an example of cells that would be adapted for phasic response?

Answer 13

Cells that detect vibrations

Question 14

What are A1 cells in insects?

Answer 14

they detected low frequency sounds

Question 15

What are A2 cells in insects?

Answer 15

They detect sounds coming from a source close by

Question 16

How do A1 and A2 cell activation interact in insects?

Answer 16

When A1 cells are activated, the inside hides; when both are activated, the insect engages in random movement

Question 17

What do organisms have in common when it comes to detecting sound?

Answer 17

they have structures to identify the location

Question 18

What is a requirement of chemoreception?

Answer 18

Must occur in an aqueous medium

Question 19

What pigment complex is used in both vertebrates and invertebrates?

Answer 19

Rhodopsin

Question 20

What is rhodopsin made of?

Answer 20

retinal and opsin

Question 21

What is the pigment molecule in rhodopsin?

Answer 21

retinal

Question 22

What is the reaction that occurs when light interacts with rhodopsin?

Answer 22

11-cis-retinal becomes all-trans-retinal

Question 23

What is triggered when 11-cis-retinal is reacted to form all-trans-retinal?

Answer 23

A G-coupled protein

Question 24

What does the G-coupled protein triggered by retinal activate in invertebrates?

Answer 24

Phospholipase c

Question 25

What does phospholipase activate in invertebrates?

Answer 25

Production of diacylglycerol (DAG) outside of the photoreceptor cell

Question 26

What does diacylglycerol cause in an invertebrate photoreceptor cell?

Answer 26

Non-specific ion channels in the photoreceptor cells open and the membrane is depolarized

Question 27

What does depolarization of an invertebrate photoreceptor cell cause?

Answer 27

Generation of an receptor potential which then transmits via neurotransmitters to a neuron and generates an action potential

Question 28

What polarization state is a vertebrate photoreceptor cell in when it is dark?

Answer 28

Depolarized

Question 29

What causes vertebrate photoreceptor cells to remain depolarized in the dark?

Answer 29

Cyclic GMP keeps Na+ channels open which maintain a less negative charge on the cell interior

Question 30

What keeps a vertebrate photoreceptor cell from becoming too depolarized?

Answer 30

Na+/K+ pump, pumps K+ out while Na+ comes in

Question 31

What keeps a vertebrate photoreceptor cell from becoming too depolarized?

Answer 31

Na+/K+ pump, pumps K+ out while Na+ comes in

Question 32

What does the G-coupled protein trigger by retinal activate in vertebrate photoreceptors?

Answer 32

Phosphodiesterase

Question 33

What does activation of phosphodiesterase trigger in vertebrate photoreceptor cells?

Answer 33

Deactivation of cyclic GMP

Question 34

What does deactivation of cyclic GMP cause in vertebrate photoreceptor cells?

Answer 34

Closing on Na+ channels that lead into the photoreceptor

Question 35

What does closing of the Na+ channels in vertebrate photoreceptor cells cause?

Answer 35

The membrane is hyper polarized

Question 36

What does hyperpolarization of the vertebrate photoreceptor cell cause?

Answer 36

Generation of a receptor potential which is transmitted to a neuron using neurotransmitters and an action potential is generated in the neuron

Question 37

What are invertebrate photoreceptor cells called?

Answer 37

Rhabdom cells

Question 38

What are vertebrate photoreceptor cells called?

Answer 38

Rod and cone cells

Question 39

How do invertebrates regenerate rhodopsin?

Answer 39

Photochemical regeneration

Question 40

How do invertebrates perform photochemical regeneration?

Answer 40

Absorb a different wavelength of light to reset all-trans-retinal to 11-cis-retinal

Question 41

How do vertebrates reset rhodopsin?

Answer 41

Perform enzymatic regeneration

Question 42

What is enzymatic regeneration of rhodopsin beneficial?

Answer 42

It is guaranteed to occur

Question 43

What is a benefit of photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin?

Answer 43

It is faster than enzymatic regeneration

Question 44

What is a benefit of photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin?

Answer 44

It is faster than enzymatic regeneration

Question 45

What is a con of photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin?

Answer 45

Requires changing location or light source to regenerate rhodopsin

Question 46

What is a con of photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin?

Answer 46

Requires changing location or light source to regenerate rhodopsin

Question 47

What is a con of photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin?

Answer 47

It is metabolically costly and slow than photochemical regeneration