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BIOL 446 Physiological Ecology > Exam 2: Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Exam 2: Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important purpose of circulation?

A

Movement of gases

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2
Q

How is oxygen solubility affected in water?

A

Decreased significantly

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3
Q

How does oxygen move?

A

High partial pressure to low (high conc. to low)

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4
Q

How does temperature affect O2 solubility in water?

A

Solubility of O2 decrease with temperature in water

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5
Q

How does water affect oxygen diffusion?

A

Oxygen can only diffuse distances of 1 mm in water due to decreased solubility

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6
Q

How is the low diffusion capability of O2 accommodated by bodies?

A

Move oxygen using convection

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7
Q

What powers movement of oxygen from the atmosphere to the mitochondrion?

A

A cascade of oxygen partial pressure that decreases from atmosphere to mitochondrion

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8
Q

What are invaginated breathing structures?

A

breathing structures inside the body

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9
Q

What is a con of invaginated breathing structures?

A

requires active ventilation to bring gas inside

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10
Q

What are envaginated breathing structures?

A

breathing structures inside the body

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11
Q

What is a benefit of evaginated breathing structures?

A

energy is not required to bring gas to respiration structures

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12
Q

What is a con of evaginated breathing structures?

A

Breathing structures aren’t protected

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13
Q

What is a pro of invaginated breathing structures?

A

breathing structures are protected

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14
Q

What are RAM ventilators?

A

Fish that breath by moving in a way that forces water over their gills

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15
Q

What causes tidal gas exchange to occur?

A

The partial pressure of blood leaving lungs in lower than air in the lungs

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16
Q

What is tidal gas exchange?

A

Air enters and exits through the same tube

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17
Q

Why is tidal exchange successful despite mixing high and low O2 air?

A

Because air is practically infinitely available in the atmosphere so partial pressure of O2 in blood in always lower

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18
Q

How does countercurrent exchange gas exchange work?

A

Partial pressure of blood leaving the gills is higher than the water leaving the gills which maintains a gradient

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19
Q

Which form of gas exchange is most efficient?

A

Countercurrent exchange

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20
Q

Why do fish need countercurrent gas exchange?

A

Because O2 availability in water is really low

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21
Q

How does salinity affect solubility of O2?

A

O2 solubility decreases as salinity increases

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22
Q

How does crosscurrent gas exchange occur?

A

Vessels run perpendicular to the flow of oxygenated fluid and have slight mixing that causes decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in blood going down the fluid flow; However oxygen concentration in the fluid also decrease

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23
Q

What organisms employ crosscurrent gas exchange?

A

Birds

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24
Q

Is tidal exchange or cross current exchange more efficient and why?

A

cross current because mixing of oxygen partial pressures is minimized

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25
Q

Why do birds employ crosscurrent gas exchange?

A

Flight has very high energy requirements and it is best to use aerobic respiration

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26
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

circulatory circuit that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the body

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27
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

circulatory circuit that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

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28
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction of the myocardium

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29
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation of myocardium

30
Q

What are the steps of four chambered heart contraction

A

Atria and ventricles are diastole -> atria systole pushes blood into ventricles -> ventricle systole pushes blood out of heart and atria diastole brings blood back in -> ventricle diastole

31
Q

What is cardiac output measured by?

A

The volume of blood leaving the heart per minute

32
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pump per beat

33
Q

What controls stroke volume?

A

Strength/size of cardiac muscle

34
Q

What controls the heart beat of neurogenic hearts?

A

The nervous system

35
Q

How do system do neurogenic hearts employ to function?

A

Central pattern generators

36
Q

What controls the heart beat of myogenic hearts?

A

Muscle cells that generate pacemaker potentials

37
Q

What kind of polarization generates pacemaker potentials? Why?

A

Hyperpolarization because the hyperpolarization threshold slows the generation of the potential; creates delay between each contraction

38
Q

Does blood leave for lungs using the left or right ventricle?

A

right

39
Q

Does blood leave for the body using the left or right ventricle?

A

right

40
Q

How are four chambered hearts unique from other hearts?

A

The two sides of the heart do not mix

41
Q

Where does systemic circulation actually occur?

A

Capillary beds

42
Q

What is the structure and function of arteries?

A

Lined with smooth muscle, they carry fast moving blood out of the heart

43
Q

What is the structure and function of veins?

A

Not as robust as arteries, carry blood back to the heart with the help of some muscle

44
Q

What are two forms of control of blood distribution?

A

Precapillary sphincters and arteriovenous anastomoses

45
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

Muscle that pinch off blood flow to capillaries

46
Q

What is the purpose of arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

They are vessels that bypass capillary beds

47
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

Transfer of fluid to tissues from capillaries increases solute concentration in blood vessels

48
Q

How does osmotic pressure change from the arterial to venous end of the circulatory system?

A

Highest at the arterial end and lowest and the venous end

49
Q

What is the Starling-Landing hypothesis?

A

Loss of osmotic pressure in the circulatory system due to fluid filtration

50
Q

How does body size affect cardiac output?

A

Smaller animals have higher cardiac outputs due to high heartrates, despite having a lower stroke volume

51
Q

What function of blood distribution is unique to three chambered hearts?

A

Selective distribution; controls where blood flows in the body

52
Q

What organisms have three chambered hearts?

A

amphibians and reptiles

53
Q

How is an amphibian heart structured?

A

2 atria and 1 ventricle with a ridge in the center to prevent blood mixing

54
Q

How are reptile hearts structured?

A

Have 2 atria and 2 ventricles; ventricles are loosely connected

55
Q

How does blood flow through amphibian hearts?

A

blood comes from lungs into one atria, body into another atria, and both exit from one ventricle, then go to lungs and body

56
Q

How does blood flow through reptile hearts?

A

Similar to four chambered with blood mixing

57
Q

How is a crocodilian heart structured?

A

Four chambered heart with two aortas and two ventricles

58
Q

What is the foramen of panizza?

A

Connects crocodilian ventricles

59
Q

What does the foramen of panizza do?

A

Opens under pressure, when a crocodile is diving, and diverts blood flow away from the lungs

60
Q

What is the structure of a fish heart?

A

two chambers

61
Q

What is a con of having a two chambered heart?

A

oxygen inputted by the gils is used by the body before it returns to the heart

62
Q

Why is a lack of oxygen supply to heart tissue not an issue for fish?

A

Because they have ectotherms and thus low oxygen requirements

63
Q
A
64
Q

How do fish conduct gas exchange besides using gills?

A

Specialized gas exchange organs

65
Q

What is ventilation-perfusion matching?

A

When fish change blood flow to certain areas based on oxygen concentration in water

66
Q

What kind of hearts do arthropods have?

A

multiple tubular hearts

67
Q

What kind of circulation do arthropods exhibit?

A

open circulation

68
Q

What is hemolymph?

A

arthropod circulatory fluid

69
Q

What is the function of hemolymph?

A

to cycle hormones and nutrients NOT oxygen

70
Q

How do arthropods get access to oxygen?

A

Pores called trachea bring oxygen into the body then into tracheoles embedded in tissues

BIOL 446 Physiological Ecology (8 decks)

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