Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 446 Physiological Ecology > Exam 2: Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Exam 2: Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

How do actional potentials differ from hormones?

A

Rapid and precise signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do steroids differ from action potentials?

A

Slow, long-lasting, systemic signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of neurons used for interpreting, receiving, and transmitting signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do neuron membranes relate to circuits?

A

Ions flows through a channel bringing charge and changing charge on either side of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What charge does the intracellular space near a neuron membrane exhibit during hyperpolarization?

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What charge does the intracellular space near a neuron membrane exhibit at resting potential?

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What charge does the intracellular space near a neuron membrane exhibit during depolarization?

A

Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are action potentials?

A

voltage dependent signals created by change in membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes depolarization of neurons?

A

rapid opening of voltage gated Na+ channels releases Na+ in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes repolarization of membranes

A

Na+ channels are closed and K+ channels out of the cell are opened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does axon diameter affect the conduction velocity of axon potentials?

A

Conduction velocity increases with increase is axon diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is patch claming?

A

laboratory manipulation individual membrane channels in neurons to study membrane potential and electric capabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does temperature affect generation of action potentials?

A

Generation and transmission occurs faster because voltage-gated ion channel kinetics are faster at higher temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do myelin sheath speed up action potentials?

A

The action potential jumps between the nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Do endotherms have larger or smaller diameter axons? Why?

A

Smaller because their higher body temps allow them to still conduct signals quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the first step in transmitting neurotransmitters across a synapse?

A

Action potential opens voltages gated Ca2+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What occurs after an action potential open voltage gated Ca2+ channels in a presynaptic neuron?

A

Vesicle containing neurotransmitters mobilize and adhere to the presynaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do postsynaptic neurons receive neurotransmitters?

A

neurotransmitters bind to the postsynaptic receptor and triggers opening of ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three kinds of neurotransmitters?

A

Cholinergic compounds (acetylcholine)
Biogenic Amine compounds (Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA)
Amino Acids (glutamate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do ionotropic neurotransmitters do?

A

Induce a conformational change in postsynaptic receptor that opens ion channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do metabotropic neurotransmitters do?

A

Bind to the postsynaptic receptor and trigger release of a G-coupled protein, which causes ion channels to open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an excitatory post synaptic potential?

A

When a neurotransmitter triggers depolarization of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an inhibitory post synaptic potential?

A

when a neurotransmitter triggers polarization of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is it important that neurons create both inhibitory and excitatory post synaptic potentials?

A

Because which neurotransmitters are expresses influences likelihood of action potential being generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is synaptic depression?

A

A gradual decrease in amplitude of post synaptic potentials

26
Q

What is synaptic facilitation?

A

Repeated stimulation by presynaptic neuron increases amplitude of postsynaptic potentials

27
Q

What is the benefit of synaptic facilitation and depression?

A

They increase or decrease signal intensities based on need

28
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Contains the majority of neurons and is where information processing occurs

29
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Neurons that receive stimuli and bring them to the CNS, and carry information away from the CNS

30
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Reception of signal by afferent neuron -> interpretation by CNS interneurons -> PNS motor neurons receive signal from CNS

31
Q

What is centralization of the nervous system described as?

A

Localization of integrating neurons in a central area

32
Q

What is a benefit of centralization?

A

It is easy to receive messages and distinguish them from one another

33
Q

What is cephalization of the nervous system?

A

Integration neurons and structures are concentrated at one end of the body

34
Q

How is the CNS of insects unique from other animals?

A

It is located ventral

35
Q

Describe an arthropod’s CNS

A

Ganglia extend in a line from the brain and down the abdomen

36
Q

Describe a vertebrate’s CNS

A

Segmented nerves run down from the brain and along the spinal cord

37
Q

What are the five principles of organization in vertebrate brains?

A
  1. Brain function is modular - Parts in the brain can change function over a person’s lifetime and areas rely on each other for function
  2. Brains have integrated maps - Specific areas in the brain can be identified for specific functions
  3. Size matters - larger brains are more advanced
  4. Brain evolution relates to expansion of the forebrain
  5. Neural circuits are plastic
38
Q

Why does a larger brain mean it is more advanced?

A

Larger brains have more neurons and can send and receive signals faster

39
Q

Why is expansion of the forebrain associated with brain evolution?

A

The forebrain relates to personality and late gratification

40
Q

Why are neural circuits plastic?

A

Signal strengths can be manipulated, and synapses can be generated to form new pathways

41
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The somatic division and the autonomic division

42
Q

What is the purpose of the somatic nervous system?

A

To integrate external stimuli and control voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

43
Q

What is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system?

A

To integrate internal stimuli and control a wide variety of tissues

44
Q

What are three major tissues the autonomic nervous system controls?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

45
Q

How many motors neurons are used to connect the CNS to skeletal muscle?

A

One

46
Q

In the autonomic nervous system, what connects the CNS to target tissues?

A

a preganglionic neuron, a ganglion, and then a post ganglionic neuron

47
Q

What are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

48
Q

What is the purpose of smooth muscle?

A

to regulate internal functions

49
Q

Why is it beneficial for the autonomic nervous system to have multiple neural connections when sending signals?

A

Allows one signal to trigger many responses

50
Q

What neurotransmitters are used in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Cholinergic and adrenergic

51
Q

How do the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons compare in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Preganglionic neurons are short and postganglionic neurons are long

52
Q

What neurotransmitters are used in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cholinergic transmitters?

53
Q

How do the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons compare in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Preganglionic neurons are long and post ganglionic neurons are short

54
Q

What kind of neurotransmitters does the enteric nervous system use?

A

All different kinds

55
Q

What does the enteric nervous system control?

A

Gut signaling

56
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

The longest nerve in the body that conducts 90% of enteric signals

57
Q

What nervous system sends the strongest signals the CNS?

A

Enteric

58
Q

What do four things do biological clocks control?

A

Temperature, sleep cycle, urine volume, Na+/Ca2+ excretion

59
Q

What are biological clocks mostly determined by?

A

Light availability

60
Q

What is a free running rhythm?

A

When a natural circadian rhythm occurs in the absence of cues

61
Q

What do clock genes do? How do they work?

A

Negative feedback loop where BMAL1 and CLOCK trigger PER expression which is inhibitory to BMAL

62
Q

How do clock gene pathways regulate circadian rhythms?

A

Regulate secretion of sleep hormones like melatonin

BIOL 446 Physiological Ecology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions