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BIOL 446 Physiological Ecology > Exam 2: Hormone Physiology > Flashcards

Exam 2: Hormone Physiology Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

How does nervous system signaling differ from endocrine signaling?

A

It is rapid and signals are precisely targetted

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3
Q

How does endocrine signaling differ from nervous system signaling?

A

It is slow, long lasting, and not directly targeted

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4
Q

What are steroids hormones synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol

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5
Q

What type of solubility do steroid hormones exhibit?

A

Lipid soluble, not water soluble

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6
Q

How do steroid hormones move throughout the blood?

A

They bind to transport proteins

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7
Q

What are three kinds of steroid hormones?

A

Sex hormones, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids

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8
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Facilitate glucose cycling from glands

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9
Q

What do mineralocortocoids do?

A

Help regulate mineral homeostasis

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10
Q

What are peptide hormones synthesized from?

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

What kind of solubility do peptide hormones exhibit?

A

Water soluble

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12
Q

What are the largest hormones?

A

Peptide hormones

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13
Q

What are preprohormones?

A

Protein precursors to hormones

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14
Q

Which hormones have the shortest half life?

A

Peptide hormones

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15
Q

What are amine hormones synthesized from?

A

Amino acids

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16
Q

How large are amine hormones compared to peptide hormones?

A

They are smaller than peptide hormones

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17
Q

What are a large portion of amine hormones derived from?

A

Tyrosine

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18
Q

What solubility do amine hormones exhibit?

A

They can be water soluble or lipid soluble

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19
Q

What kind of hormones are thyroid hormones?

A

Amine hormones

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20
Q

What kind of hormones do intracellular receptors interact with?

A

Small, lipid-soluble hormones

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21
Q

What kind of hormones do membrane receptors interact with?

A

Water soluble hormones

22
Q

How do membrane receptors work?

A

Hormone interacts with receptor and starts a G-protein signal cascade

23
Q

How do intracellular receptors work?

A

Hormones interacts with transport protein to cross cell membrane influence structures within the cd,,

24
Q

What controls hormone secretion?

A

Neural control

25
Q

What part of the pituitary gland is a true endocrine gland and secretes hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary

26
Q

What part of the pituitary gland is a true endocrine gland and secretes hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary

27
Q

What part of the pituitary gland contains capillaries to bring secreted hormones to blood steam?

A

Posterior pituitary

28
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system?

A

A system of neurons and capillaries that carries hormones from hypothalamus to the pituitary

29
Q

What does HPA stand for in the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

30
Q

What nervous system triggers HPA axis?

A

autonomic nervous system

31
Q

What is the order of hormone secretion in the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamus sends hormones to the anterior pituitary which sends another hormone signal to the adrenal cortex which secretes cortisol

32
Q

Why does the HPA axis trigger cortisol secretion?

A

Because cortisol upregulates glucose metabolism for quick energy

33
Q

What stress responses in the body are produced by the HPA axis?

A

Increases: heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation and catabolic pressure
Decreases: digestion, excretion, and anabolic processes

34
Q

What is phase 1 of the HPA axis

A

Activation of the hypothalamus and adrenal medulla by the sympathetic nervous system

35
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Neurotransmitters/hormones that contribute to increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate

36
Q

What is the purpose of ADH in the HPA axis?

A

To help the body retain water

37
Q

What occurs during phase 2 of the HPA axis?

A

The axis is at full capacity and glucocorticoids are in high production, like cortisol

38
Q

Why is it bad if cortisol levels remain high for an extended period of time?

A

Cortisol encourages the body to use up tissue and necessary materials to make glucose

39
Q

Why does water need to be retained during HPA axis activation?

A

To make up for water lost exerting work to get away from the threat

40
Q

How is the HPA axis shut off?

A

Cortisol performs negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary, preventing them from further triggering cortisol expression in adrenal glands

41
Q

What is the purpose of insulin?

A

To stimulate nutrient storage in resting muscle and adipose tissue

42
Q

What is insulin production regulated by?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system, amino acids, and blood glucose levels

43
Q

What are GLUT proteins?

A

Insulin receptors located in the membrane of cell that opens GLUT4 channels to allow glucose to enter the cell

44
Q

What is the main organ responsible for regulating cell metabolism (insulin production)?

A

Pancreas

45
Q

What processes does insulin promote?

A

Glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis from glucose

46
Q

What does processes does glucagon promote?

A

Glycogenesis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis -> making of glucose (opposite of insulin)

47
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Break down of glyocgen into glucose

48
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Breaking down fats into glucose

49
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

When the liver makes glucose from anything available

50
Q

What is glucagon production promoted by?

A

high protein meals or periods of fasting

BIOL 446 Physiological Ecology (8 decks)

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