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BIOL 446 Physiological Ecology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three strategies of homeostasis

A

Conformers
Regulators
Avoiders

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2
Q

Four phenotypes levels that carry out homeostasis processes

A

Behavior
Physiology
Morphology
Biochemistry

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3
Q

What strategy of homeostasis do large animals typically exhibit and why?

A

Regulation, it is easier for them to hold onto heat

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4
Q

What strategy of homeostasis are animals with exoskeleton typically better at and why?

A

Regulation, the exoskeleton is impermeable

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5
Q

What strategies of homeostasis do plants typically exhibit and why

A

Conformity and avoidance

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6
Q

What are exaptations?

A

Non adaptive traits that become adaptive

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7
Q

What populations are more likely to undergo nonadaptive evolution and why?

A

small populations, they are victims of probability

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8
Q

What are four causes of nonadaptive evolution?

A

Stochastic environments, genetic drift, pleiotropy, and linkage disequilibrium

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9
Q

What are stochastic environments?

A

Environment subject to unpredictable changes due to probability

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10
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

random loss in allele frequency that reduces genetic variation

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11
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

The ability of a gene to produce multiple phenotypes

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12
Q

What is linkage disequilibrium?

A

Certain alleles in different locations on chromosome are associated and inherited together

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13
Q

What is a reaction norm?

A

A spectrum of phenotypes induced by different environments

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14
Q

What are canalized traits?

A

intermediate traits that become fixed by stabilizing selection

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15
Q

What are polymorphic traits?

A

A trait with multiple favorable morphs

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16
Q

What is an allosteric effect?

A

When a ligand binds to an enzyme to inhibit or encourage function

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17
Q

What are activators in reference to the cell?

A

proteins that bind upstream to DNA promoter region to trigger gene expression

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18
Q

What are repressors in reference to the cell?

A

proteins that bind to the DNA operator and prevent gene expression

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19
Q

What are enhancers in reference to the cell?

A

proteins that increase the rate of gene expression

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20
Q

How does recombination cause evolution?

A

Typically an equal exchange of chromosomes parts but is sometimes unequal, thus altering genome

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21
Q

What are the four levels of cell physiology?

A

Membranes, epithelia, enzyme function, and cell signaling

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22
Q

How do unsaturated tails impact membranes?

A

increase fluidity

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23
Q

What are the three major parts of epithelia?

A

Apical cells, basal cells, and basement membrane

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24
Q

What do apical cells do?

A

Perform the function for the organ membrane they are apart of

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25
Q

What do basal cells do?

A

Line the epithelial tissue and hold it together

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26
Q

What does the basement membrane do?

A

Connect epithelial cells to underlying tissue

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27
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

An impermeable seal between cells with a fluid filled cavity between them

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28
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Permeable joining of cells where cadherin strings attach their cytoskeletons

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29
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Gap between cells with a transfer of molecule between them using connexons

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30
Q

What is Vmax?

A

The saturation point of an enzyme where all active sites are being used

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31
Q

What is Km?

A

A substrate’s affinity for an enzyme, the halfway point to Vmax

32
Q

What is Kcat?

A

Catalytic effectiveness or how fast the enzyme burns through substrate

33
Q

What does a low Km mean?

A

less substrate is needed to reach max velocity

34
Q

What are isoenzymes?

A

Proteins with many variants in a single species

35
Q

What are interspecific homologs?

A

Variants of a protein coded for by homologous genes

36
Q

What are constitutive enzymes?

A

enzymes that are always present as baseline levels

37
Q

What are inducible enzymes?

A

enzymes produced due to stress from environment

38
Q

What are ligand-gated receptors?

A

double as a receptor and channel in membrane

39
Q

What are G-protein coupled receptors?

A

extracellular signal triggers receptor to release second signal

40
Q

What are intracellular receptors?

A

Receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus

41
Q

What is polyphenism?

A

When developmental pathways are triggered by environmental factors

42
Q

What are the 3 forms of essential nutrients?

A

Polysaccharides, proteins, and triglycerides

43
Q

What is the targeting feeding strategy?

A

Adaptations are used for prey selection and capture

44
Q

What is the suspension feeding strategy?

A

Significantly smaller organisms suspended in fluid are targeting for consumption

45
Q

What do 3 things do bacteria in the Rumen do?

A

Digest structural proteins and fatty acid chains
Synthesize B vitamins and essential amino acids
Recycle nitrogenous waste

46
Q

What are the four forms of physiological work?

A

Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Mechanical energy
Heat energy

47
Q

What is the only step where energy is maintained in the body?

A

Biosynthesis

48
Q

How does heart rate change with body size?

A

Smaller body size → faster heart rate

49
Q

How does heart size change with body size?

A

Larger body size → larger heart

50
Q

How does lung change with body size?

A

Larger body size → larger lungs

51
Q

How does respiration rate change with body size?

A

Smaller body size → faster respiration rate

52
Q

How does metabolic rate change with body size?

A

Decreases with body size, decreases slower as body sizes are larger

53
Q

What are poikilotherms?

A

Organisms that source heat from the environment

54
Q

What are endotherms?

A

organisms that source heat from themselves

55
Q

What is temporal heterothermy?

A

Body temp changes relative to the time of year or day

56
Q

What is spatial heterothermy?

A

Heat is generated in specific parts of the body

57
Q

What does eurythermal mean?

A

Can withstand a broad range of temps

58
Q

What does stenothermal mean?

A

Can withstand only a small temp range

59
Q

How poikilotherms mostly thermoregulate?

A

behavioral mechanisms

60
Q

How are acute thermal responses performed?

A

increasing metabolic rate with body temp changes

61
Q

How is Q10 used to compare acute thermal responses?

A

Q10 is how many times the metabolic rate is increased based on a 10 degree temp difference

62
Q

How are chronic thermal responses carried out?

A

Acclimation causes metabolic responses to compensate for environment

63
Q

How are evolutionary thermal responses carried out?

A

Utilizing enzymes that can exist at certain temperatures and work well

64
Q

What two strategies do poikilotherms employ to prevent freezing?

A

Supercooling and antifreeze compounds

65
Q

What two strategies poikilotherms and other organisms tolerate freezing?

A

Concentrate solutes in cells to prevent freezing and allow interstitial fluid to freeze
Produce ice nucleating compounds in interstitial fluid so only it freezes

66
Q

What are colligative antifreeze compounds?

A

reduces feezing point by concentration

67
Q

What are non colligative antifreeze compounds?

A

reduces freezing point by disrupting ice crystal formation

68
Q

What is the thermal neutral zone?

A

Range of ambient temps where homeotherm basal metabolic rate is constant

69
Q

What is the lower-critical temperature?

A

Lowest ambient temperature of the thermal neutral zone

70
Q

What is the upper-critical temperature?

A

Highest ambient temperature of the thermal neutral zone

71
Q

What four strategies do homeotherms employ when they are under the lower-critical temperature?

A

Insulation, shivering thermogenesis, non shivering thermogenesis, and spatial heterothermy

72
Q

What is nonshivering thermogenesis?

A

Brown fat is burned and the H+ protons produced are sent through uncoupled protein (thermogenine) which produces only heat

73
Q

What is spatial heterothermy?

A

Appendages stay cool because they are more exposed so counter current exchange warms blood in the appendages before it returns to the heart?

74
Q

What three strategies do heterotherms employ when they are above the upper-critical temperature?

A

evaporative cooling, body temperature cycling, and brain cooling

75
Q

How does brain cooling work?

A

Arteries carry hot blood through capillaries in the sinuses to cool the blood down before it returns to the brain

BIOL 446 Physiological Ecology (8 decks)

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