Exam 2 review Flashcards
Plant senses
- collect information
- want to increase survival so adapt
Three steps process of plants determining environmental cues
1) sensory cells get signal and modify it
2) send signal to target cell
3) target cells receive info and respond
Signal receptor proteins
- phototropins
- phytochromes
Signal hormones
- auxin
- florigen
- expansin
Signal transduction
- convert from one form to another
- signal from outside must bind with phytochrome and be converted into a form the pant can use
- not needed if signal is already inside
Phototropism
plant bending to light
Process of phototropism
- expansin breaks cell wall
- auxin builds up of shaded side and swell
Phototropism receptors
phototropins
Wavelength that cause phototropism
blue light
Hormones in phototropism
auxin and expansin
Pigment involved in R/FR
phytochrome
Photoperiodism
length of days and the type of light the plant was last exposed to
Wave lengths of photoperiodism
red and far-red
Hormone of photoperiodism
florigen
Gravitropism
tells what direction to send the roots/shoots
Location of cells responsible for gravitropism
root tip
Type of cell for gravitropism
amyloplasts
Amyloplasts
move based on what way gravity is pulling them, increase in concentration = increased auxin
Hormone for gravitropism
auxin
Wind/touch response
mechanical, respond to environment to increase survival
Thigmotropism
slow, directional movement, trindles, use to climb
Thigmonastic movement
rapid, non-directional, electrical signals/aps that move through plants
Plant growth
continuous but not constant, based on nutrients
Aprical dominance
apical meristem will be main growth unless cut off then axillary bids will redirect growth to be full and thick
Hormone for apical dominace
auxin
Additional growth hormones
- cytokinins
- gibberillins
- ABA
- Ethylene
Cytokinins
cell growth
Gibberillins
stimulate plant growth
ABA
inhibit plant growth
Ethylene
related to plant aging, causes ripening, senescence, and abscission
Senescence
one part of plant dies
Abscission
auxin stops flowing and ethylene builds up, turn yellow and fall
Fruit ripening
starch converted into sugar by ethylene, softer, sweeter, more attractive
Physical defence
thorns, spin, cuticle
Chemical defence
toxins, hormones, secondary metabolic
Inducible defenses
intentional or caused response to protect itself
Ways that pathogens attack plants
- kill host cell and feed of cell debris
- feed on host nutrients
Hypersensitive responses
localized, immediate
- stomata close -> produce toxins -> reinforce neighbor cells -> apoptosis
Systemic Acquired Resistance
whole plant, after hypersensitive, creates resistance, primes cells in roots and shoots, expression of pathogen genes to limit the chance of infection again
Direct defense
plants directly doing defense (secreting oil)
Indirect defense
plants produce chemical that attracts predator that eats the parasite (parasitoid)
Anatomy
physical structure
Physiology
how physical structure functions
Adaptations
variation
adaptation
competition
selection
Trade-offs for adaptation
energy is put into one factor which can cause both factors to suffer
Adaptation
long-term, genetic
Acclimatization
short-term, reversible, based on environmental factors
Major tissue types
- muscular
- connective
- nervous
- epithelial
Types of Connective tissue
- loose
- dense
- supporting
- fluid
Loose CT
- packing material for organs
- allows expanding
- fibrous proteins
- has fibroblasts
Dense CT
- tightly packed
- bones and muscles
- connect tendons and ligaments
- have fibroblasts
Supporting CT
- bones and cartilage
- support and protect vertebrate
- make skeletal system
Fluid CT
- blood
- cells surrounded by extra cellular matrix to keep shape
Types of muscle tissue
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
Skeletal MT
- only voluntary
- attach to bone
- force movement
- straited
Cardiac MT
- heart
- branch pattern to get signal from nerves for contraction
- striated
Smooth MT
- BVs
- digestive tract
- NOT straited, have bump
- regulate body functions (BP and digestion)
Body size and physiology
- natural effect/forces/habitats effect how efficient a size is
- rate of gas exchange/nutrient use and heat varies
Larger size
decreased SA/V ratio, more effecient
Small size
less energy, lose more heat and water, greater SA/V ratio
Homeostasis
stability of a condition
chemical and physical
temp, pH, ion concentration, set point
Three regulation components
- sensor
- integrator
- effector
Negative feedback loop
opposite change in conditions (temp)
Feedback loop disruptions
- diabetes = body can’t regulate B glucose, insulin increases in B
Thermoregulation
- radiation
- convection
- evaporation
- conduction
Radiation
heat exchange between things NOT touching
Convection
heat exchange between solid and gas
Evaporation
heat loss through water
Conduction
transfer of heat WHILE touching
Enotherm
make own heat
Ectotherms
get heat from environment
Homeotherms
same heat, set to point
Poikilotherms
varied heat
Flow of nutrients
ingest -> digest -> absorb
Major nutrient types
- carbs
- lipids
- protein
4 classes of nutrients
- essential fatty acid
- essential amino acid
- minerals
- vitamins
Vitamins
organic, carbon compounds, can synthesis
Minerals
inorganic, calcium and iron, cannot synthesis
Essential amino acids
9 needed from food, 20 total, synthesis some
Essential fatty acids
can synthesis most
Adaptive radiation
phenotypes that evolve from a common ancestor to feed of different sources, not as much competition
Complete digestion
separate structure for excretion, things flow in one direction
Incomplete digestion
no separate structure for excretion, from mouth to stomach, flows back and forth
Mechanical factors of digestion
- chewing
- muscle contraction churning food
Chemical factors of digestion
- salivary amylase
- lingual lipase
- acidity and protease
- tripsin
Peristalsis
rhythmic contraction of the esophagus, stim by nerve signal
Crop
- modified esophagus
- food storage, regulation, processing, and regurgitation
Stomach digestion
- acidity, 1.5 pH
- HCL hydrochloric acid, helps break protein
- denaturing protein
- proteases, peptide chain
Parietal cells
acidity in stomach, denatures
Protease
pepsin, breaks up protein into peptide chain in stomach
SI digest/absorb
- breaks polypeptide chain into amino acid
- absorb protein, carb, and lipid in water
- SA increased with villi
Pancreas
- produces most enzymes
- tripsin
Tripsin
helps activate and breakdown proteases, nucleases, amylase, and lipase
Mouth
lipids and carbs
lipase and amylase
Stomach
protein
Small intestine
absorb lipids, carbs, and proteins in water
Large intestine
water absorption, compacts waste, helps breakdown cellulose with symbiotic bacteria
Thigmomorphogenesis
plants changes the way it grows and gets shorter and thicker
3 responses to touch
- thigmotropism
- thigmonastic
- thigmomorphogenesis
Hormone
organic compound made in one area and send to another via B to create a response
Adaptive radiation vs. phenotypic plasticity
- AR = different phenotypes depending on environment
- PP = same genotype with multiple phenotypes in result of environment
Plants respond to
wind, light, touch, temp, gravity, herbivory
Organization of structures
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Expansin
- break H bond
- electrochemical gradients let water enter cell by osmosis
Dormancy hormones
- Gibberillins = stop
- ABA = start
Plants respond to
- daylength
- light
- temp
- seasons
Plants change based on
environment
4 mouth part adaptions
- flat = greens
- long beak = get nectar far down
- sharp = tear/crush
- filter (suspension)
Statolish hypothesis
amyloplasts press against sensory cell –> amyloplasts settle on cell wall –> activate receptors –> signal root in new direction
Plants tip on side and start _ and _
- gravitropism
- phototropism
Hormone regulating apical meristem growth
auxin
Dormancy
temporary state of reduced metabolic activity
Pathogens
disease causing bacteria, virus
- must be introduced
Response to pathogens
hypersensitive response
systemic acquired resistance
Parasitoid
lay eggs in herbivore
Allele
physical expression of gene, change frequently
- most allele = most fit
If form is adaptive
- allele will reproduce more in pop
- increase frequently
Nervous tissue
- Dendrites = reach out of cell body
- Axon = from body to axon term
- Myelin sheath = keeps signal in axon and moves faster
- Axon terminal = receives and sends
Increase SA by
- flattening
- folding
- branching
Heterotrophs
have to feed on something else
Autotrophs
plants
Nutrients
allow body to synthesis ATP and macronutrients
Units
- kilocalorie = energy
- fat = 9 kc/g
- carb/ protein = 4 kc/g
Vitamin coenzyme
aid in the synthesis of other things
ATP
energy in cell, made from glucose, stores energy in 3 phosphate bonds (energy released when bonds broken)
Digestive tract
what food passes through
Accessory organs
don’t come into contact with food but help by producing enzymes
Enzymes break down
carbs, lipids, and proteins
Salivary amylase
carbs
Lingual lipase
lipids
3 cell types
- mucous
- chief
- parietal
Chief cells
- produce proteases that break protein into peptide chain
- proteases = pepsin
Sodium concentration gradient
sodium potassium pump pushes out sodium and brings in potassium (low sodium in SI)
- sodium carries in glucose and amino acid
- water and lipids go across membrane right into B
Appendix
can help recolonize good bacteria
