Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Natural selection

A

offspring from certain phenotype has higher fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of natural selection (4)

A
  • Directional
  • Stabilizing
  • Disruptive
  • Balanced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Convergent

A

phenotype evolves from different ancestors, may have similar traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Divergent

A

phenotypes evolve in diverse directions from common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

each branch represents a new species from one main ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 main species concepts

A

Biological
Morphospecies
Phylogenetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Biological concept

A

can interbreed to product off spring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Morphospecies concept

A

uses differences in morphological characters to distinguish species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phylogenetic

A

have same genetic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prezygotic

A

prohibits fertilization, phenotypes can’t breed because:

  • temporal
  • habitual
  • behavioral
  • mechanical
  • gametal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Postzygotic

A

fertilization may occur, but offspring will not survive or will be infertile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Allopatry

A

separation of 2 different species, can’t breed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sympatry

A

species can interbreed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dispersal

A

group decides to move and colonize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vicariance

A

geological splitting of a habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Possible outcomes of merging isolated populations

A
  • don’t breed
  • low, intermediate, or high fitness
  • hybrid zones = interbreed but don’t disperse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Absoption

A
  • Roots = water and nutrients

- Leaves = light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vascular system

A

xylem and phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Absorption and SA/V

A

increased SA/V = increased absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Modified roots

A
  • anchor
  • storage
  • pnuematophores
  • prop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Modified leaves

A
  • tendril
  • succulent
  • aloe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Modified stems

A
  • thorns
  • water storage
  • rhizomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

a genotypes ability to change its phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Major cell structures

A
  • chloroplasts
  • vacuole
  • plasmodesmata
  • stomata
  • guard cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Chloroplasts

A

make and store chlorophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Vacuole

A

holds water, supports, majority of space in cell, responsible for turgor pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

gap in cell wall that allows for communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stomata

A

holes in leaves that open and close to perform gas exchange and transporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Guard cells

A

open and close stomata depending on how much water they contain, more water = open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Plant changes on land

A
  • less support (modified roots)
  • seed dispersal (pollen vector/wind)
  • drying out (close stomata)
  • nutrients (mycorrhizae)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Transporation

A

evaporation of water from plant to atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Key characteristics of fungi

A

Fruiting body and hipae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Fungi role in ecosystem

A

decompose organisms and release NPK back into soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Decomposers (saprophytes)

A

breakdown decaying organic matter, release enzyme, digest then ingest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Mutualists

A

colonizing plant roots and providing NP

36
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

help increase plant’s nutrient uptake and get sugar from it

37
Q

Major structures of Fungi

A
  • fruiting body (repro)
  • mycelium (underground)
  • hypae (make up everything)
  • gills (spore dispersal)
38
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of solutes from high to low

39
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water from high to low concentration

40
Q

Water potential

A

potential energy decreased by solute additon

41
Q

Factors that affect water potential

A

solute potential

pressure potential

42
Q

Turgor pressure

A

cell wall pushing against plasmamembrane when forces try to enter cell

43
Q

How water move in plant and through

A

water potential gradient

xylem moves water from roots to rest of the plant

44
Q

Root structure

A

have channels to allow cations into root hairs

root are negative

45
Q

Cohesion-Tension theory

A

water is being pulled out of xylem from leaves up, must be replaced

46
Q

Sugar movement

A

from source with high pressure to sink with low pressure

47
Q

Ways to prevent water loss

A
  • store food and carbon so can keep stomata closed in day
  • close stomata
  • modified stems that store water
  • cuticle
48
Q

Essential nutrients (3)

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

cannot be produced

49
Q

Mineral nutrients

A

macro
micro
cannot be produced

50
Q

Limit nutrients

A

limited in nature

NPK

51
Q

Macro nutrients

A

needed in larger amounts, 1%

52
Q

Micro nutrient

A

needed in small amounts, 0.01%, NPK

53
Q

Mobile

A

move from old to young

54
Q

Immobile

A

stay in old

55
Q

Soil texture

A
  • how fine rocks are broken down

- help anchor, root permeability, and water retention

56
Q

Cations

A

positive, interact with clay

57
Q

Anions

A

negative, in root hairs, dissolve in water (leaching)

58
Q

Cations enter roots by

A

channel

59
Q

Anions enter root by

A

cotransporter

60
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

act of converting nitrogen from atmosphere into a form plants can use, legumes (rhyzobium)

61
Q

Adaptions to plants

A
  • parasitic
  • epiphytic
  • carnivorous
62
Q

Parasitic plants

A

cause harm to host, pierce haustoria into xylem

63
Q

Epiphytic plants

A

do not harm host, get nutrients from dust and rain

64
Q

Carnivorous plants

A

rely on catching insects to get nutrients, photosynthesis for carbs

65
Q

Pistol parts

A
  • Stigma
  • style
  • ovary
  • ovum
  • egg
66
Q

Stamen parts

A
  • anther

- filament

67
Q

Alternation of generations

A

meiosis and fertilization alternate stages of the life cycle

68
Q

Haploid

A
  • either M or F
  • half gene structure
  • gametophyte
69
Q

Diploid

A
  • full gene material

- sporophyte

70
Q

Female haploid formation

A 
diploid megasporocyte 
divides by meiosis
megaspore
divides by mitosis
female haploid
71
Q

Male haploid formation

A 
diploid microsporocyte
divide by meiosis
microspore
divide by mitosis
male haploid
72
Q

Fertilization

A 
after pollen touches stigma
germination
pollen tube
reach ovule
2 sperm
73
Q

Double fertilization

A 
pollen reaches ovule
1 sperm fuse w/ egg
zygote
2nd w/ polar nuclei
endosperm
74
Q

Types of fruit

A

simple (1F:1S)
aggregate (1:MS)
multiple (M: each ownS)

75
Q

Seed germination

A 
need water
O2 and protein go up
pause water
more cells form
mitochondria forms
continue water
cells enlarge from TP
76
Q

5 stages of growth

A
  • cotyledon = first 2 leaves
  • hypocotyl = stem between root and cotyledon
  • epicotyl = stem on top
77
Q

Pollination importance

A

move pollen from male to stigma

78
Q

Pollinator pressures

A

habitat loss
pesticides
other pollinators

79
Q

Pollination sydromes

A

color, nectar guides, odor, nectar, pollen, shape

80
Q

Generalist pollinator

A

visits many flowers, more fit

81
Q

Specialist

A

for same family/gene flowers of only 1 species, less food

82
Q

Self-pollination

A

pollen moves to stigma of same plant

83
Q

Cross pollination

A

pollen must be moved to different plant, increases genetic diversity and population

84
Q

Asexual

A

no pollination needed

85
Q

Sexual

A

fertilization needed

Bio (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions