EXAM 2 REVIEW Flashcards
Which of the following statements demonstrates the cephalocaudal trend?
At birth, the head takes up one-fourth of total body length, the legs only one-third.
The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is
skeletal age.
Skeletal age is determined by __________ to see the extent to which soft, pliable cartilage has hardened into bone.
X-raying the long bones of the body
At age 2, which of the following children is most likely to be ahead of the others in skeletal age?
Ruby, an African-American girl
A surprising aspect of brain growth is that
as synapses form, 20 to 80% of the surrounding neurons die.
__________ are responsible for coating neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath.
Glial cells
__________ improves the efficiency of message transfer.
Myelination
Between birth and 2 years,
the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes substantially.
As long as negative environmental influences such as poor nutrition or illness are not severe,
children and adolescents typically show catch-up growth once conditions improve.
Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is true?
Breastfed infants accept new solid foods more easily than do bottle-fed infants.
The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age __________, with solid foods added at __________.
The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age 2 years, with solid foods added at 6 months.
Which of the following statements regarding breastfeeding is true?
Breastfeeding helps increase spacing among siblings.
Which of the following responses is very difficult to classically condition in young babies?
fear
Once habituation occurs, a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level, an increase called
recovery
Which of the following is an example of a gross-motor skill?
climbing
Baby Isaac combined his skills of kicking, rocking on all fours, and reaching in order to crawl.
This is an example of
dynamic systems of action.
Dynamic systems theory shows us why motor development
cannot be genetically determined.
By the end of the first year, a baby’s ability to manipulate objects greatly expands with the development of
the pincer grasp.
Perception studies demonstrate that
Western babies lose their ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms by 12 months of age.
Which of the following statements about intermodal stimulation is true?
It fosters all aspects of psychological development.
In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers
“think” with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment.
At 6 months, Annabelle dropped her rattle in a fairly rigid way.
By 12 months, she tossed objects down the basement stairs, bounced them off walls, and threw them in the air.
Annabelle’s modifications of her dropping scheme are an example of
accommodation
In Piaget’s theory, a circular reaction is a means of building schemes in which infants
try to repeat chance motor activities again and again.
According to Piaget’s theory, when Baby D’Arcy sucks her thumb, she is demonstrating
a primary circular reaction.
Piaget concluded that babies make the A-not-B search error because…
they do not have a clear image of the object as persisting when hidden from view.
Some critics argue that the violation-of-expectation method is flawed because
it reveals only babies’ perceptual preference for novelty, not their knowledge of the physical world.
Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence
is a gradual achievement.
In the information-processing system, the central executive
is the conscious, reflective part of the mental system.
In the information-processing system, information first enters
the sensory register.
Recall
improves steadily with age.
The greatest drawback of the information-processing perspective is its difficulty with
putting the components of cognition into a broad, comprehensive theory.
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes that children
live in rich social and cultural contexts that affect the way their cognitive world is structured.
Which of the following tasks would be within Lucy’s zone of proximal development?
a task that Lucy cannot yet handle on her own but can do with the help of an adult
Three-year-old Liam is putting together a puzzle.
Liam’s father begins by pointing to where each piece needs to go and then straightening out each piece as Liam places them on the puzzle board.
As Liam’s competence with the task increases, his father gradually withdraws support.
This is an example of
scaffolding
Which of the following statements about the application of Vygotsy’s ideas to infancy and toddlerhood is true?
Fine-tuned adult support during infancy and toddlerhood is related to advanced problem solving during the 2nd year.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on make-believe play?
Early make-believe is the combined result of children’s readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it.
Habituation and recovery seem to be an especially effective early index of intelligence because they
assess skills that underlie intelligent behavior at all ages.
Research consistently shows that young children exposed to long hours of mediocre to poor-quality child care
score lower on measures of cognitive and language skills during the preschool and elementary school years.
Quality tends to be the lowest in
for-profit child-care centers.
Linguist Noam Chomsky reasoned that…
the rules of sentence organization are too complex to be directly taught to even a cognitively sophisticated young child.
Which of the following sounds is the best example of babbling?
nanana
Children’s language comprehension
develops ahead of production.
Studies show that children prefer infant-directed speech (IDS) over other kinds of adult talk
from birth on.
Which of the following statements about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern child development research is true?
One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development.
According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is
basic trust versus mistrust.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development?
Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular emotion.
The social smile
is evoked by parent-child interaction.
Newborn babies respond with __________ to too much or too little stimulation.
generalized distress
When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, she begins to cry and struggles to get down.
Louisa is exhibiting
stranger anxiety.
Infants’ emotional expressions are
closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others.
Self-conscious emotions
require adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.
Effortful control
is regarded as a major dimension of temperament.
According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child
is irregular in daily routines.
Which of the following is more likely to be found in shy children than in sociable children?
a higher heart rate from the first few weeks of life
The overall stability of temperament is
low in infancy and toddlerhood.
Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that
identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures.
__________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.
Goodness of fit
Goodness of fit is
at the heart of infant-caregiver attachment.
The ethological theory of attachment
recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.
In which of Bowlby’s phases do children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter the caregiver’s goals?
preattachment
Separation protest declines during which of Bowlby’s phases?
formation of a reciprocal relationship
In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers
should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar setting.
__________ adult-infant coordination, in which interactional synchrony occurs, is the best predictor of attachment security.
Moderate
Parents who __________ tend to have securely attached infants and to behave sensitively toward them.
discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance
Research on the quality and extent of child care shows that
mother-child interaction is more favorable when children spend fewer hours in child care.
Fathers
in the U.S. devote just over 4 hours per workday to children.
Which of the following statements about attachment and later development is true?
A child whose parental caregiving improves can bounce back from adversity.
Children whose parents __________ typically do well in delaying gratification.
encourage selective and sustained attention
The years from 2 to 6 are often called “the __________ years.”
play
Which of the following statements about body growth in early childhood is true?
The rapid increase in body size of the first two years tapers off into a slower growth pattern.
Growth norms
for one population are not good standards for children elsewhere in the world.
Handedness
reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action.
Felicity and Samantha are identical twins.
They are
more likely than ordinary siblings to differ in hand preference.
Growth and myelination of fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex contributes to __________ in early childhood.
dramatic gains in motor coordination
Neurons in the __________ send out fibers to the prefrontal cortex, contributing to improvements in sustained, controlled attention.
reticular formation
Which of the following is a function of the corpus callosum?
It supports smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body.
Research on lead exposure during childhood reveals that
a stressed, disorganized home life seems to heighten lead-induced damage.
