Chapter 7 Flashcards

Question

Rhythm

Answer 1

regularity of biological cycles predictable vs. unpredictable

Answer 2

response to challenges and obstacles gives up vs. keeps at it

Answer 3

sensitivity to stimulation notice vs. doesn􏰀t notice small changes

Answer 4

proportion of time active vs. inactive can'􏰀t sit still vs. lethargic

Answer 5

ability to focus attention notice every distraction vs. extreme concentration

Answer 6

first major study of temperament 141 participants (infancy ---> adulthood) parental interviews

Answer 7

``` Easy (40%) • positive mood • regular/rhythmic in body functions • adaptable • reactions mild ---> moderate in intensity ``` ``` Difficult (10%) • negative mood • active • irregular/arhythmic • unadaptable • withdraw from novelty • very intense emotional reactions ``` ``` Slow-to-Warm-Up (15%) • 􏰁shy􏰂 • withdraw from novelty • slow to adapt • reactions mild ---> moderate in intensity • low in activity ``` Average (remaining 35%) • not particularly high or low on any dimensions

Answer 8

parent questionnaires • 􏰁e.g., Carey􏰀s ITQ; Bates􏰀􏰀ITQ physiological measures • 􏰁heart rate, cortisol measures laboratory/observational measures • 􏰁look at individual differences in kids􏰀 reactions to staged situations

Answer 9

How easy or difficult is it for you to calm your baby when s/he is upset? 1 = very easy... 4 = about average... 7 = difficult How does your baby typically respond to a new person? 1 = favorably... 4 = sometimes favorably... 7 = negatively How active is your baby? 1 = calm & quiet... 4 = average... 7 = very active

Answer 10

modest stability –> debatable • WHY: Temperament develops with age • PARENTING ``` Nature & Nurture • 􏰀goodness of fit􏰁 (Thomas & Chess) • good 􏰁fit􏰂􏰀 ---> positive child outcomes • bad􏰁 fit􏰂 ---> negative child outcomes ```

Answer 11

Belsky, 1997a, 1997b, 2005 Children’s varying susceptibility to both adverse and beneficial effects of the environment is attributable to their genetic composition Toddlers high in negative affectivity are at a heightened risk for adverse developmental outcomes, especially in a poor care-taking environment • They also might be affected by positive parenting experiences to a higher degree than other children (Belsky, 2005) No study has examined whether the differential susceptibility hypothesis can be used to explain relationships between coparenting and child adjustment

Answer 12

Primary Research Questions: 1) Does coparenting predict toddler dysregulation behavior beyond the influence of negative affectivity? 2) Is there support for the differential susceptibility hypothesis, such that infants high in negative affectivity are more susceptible to the effects of coparenting on social-emotional adjustment? ``` Participants & Procedure: 182 dual-earner male-female couples from the U.S. • Married or cohabiting • Dual-earner • Expecting first child • ≥ 18 years of age ``` Assessed during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and again at 3, 6, 9 months postpartum AND 27 month follow-up survey • Focus was on 9 and 27 month postpartum Regressions testing child negative affectivity as a moderator of the associations between coparenting and child dysregulation

Answer 13

Coparenting • Observations from Mother-Father-Infant episodes adapted from Cowan & Cowan (1996) Support: # Pleasure (P, J) 􏰂m = .81, .84; 􏰂f = .86, . 86 # Cooperation (P, J) 􏰂 = .88, .80 Undermining: # Displeasure (P, J) = 􏰂m = .83, .86; 􏰂f = .91, .86 # Competition (P, J) = 􏰂 = .68, .64 Temperament • Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire– Very Short Form (IBQVSF; Rothbart & Garstein, 2000) • Negative Affectivity: 􏰁m = .99

Answer 14

Feeding? Psychoanalytic Theory • oral needs􏰂 • first relationship as model Behaviorism • relief from hunger • Positive associations ---> attachment BUT...Harlow & Zimmerman study (1950s) • warm/fuzzy surrogate • wire mesh surrogate • when stressed... Ethology (Lorenz) • animal behavior & adaptive functions • 􏰁Imprinting􏰂 Bowlby􏰀s ethological theory • 􏰁Ethology + Psychoanalysis • Most influential theory of attachment!

Answer 15

In a set of classic studies in the 1950s and 1960s, Harry Harlow and others investigated the nature of attachment in young rhesus monkeys. The researchers exposed young monkeys to 2 artificial mothers, one wrapped in toweling cloth, and another made of bare wire, but with a feeding bottle attached to it. The experiment showed that the infants clung to the mother with the toweling cloth for most of the time, and would only approach the other mother when in need of food. This showed that close, warm contact is an important part of bonding with a mother.

Answer 16

Internal Working Models • sets of expectations about attachment figures and roles of self & other in relationships – both general & specific • developed based on early experiences with one or more primary caregivers • links cognition (thinking, mental representations) with emotional experience • models are stable, but also open to change

Answer 17

separation anxiety: • don’t want caregiver to leave! • peaks at 14-20 mos. stranger anxiety: • fear of unfamiliar adults • peaks at 8-10 mos. greetings • of caregiver when he/she returns secure base behavior • using caregiver as “base of operations” social referencing • looking to others when unsure

Answer 18

``` Strange Situation (1-2 yrs) – Mary Ainsworth • series of separations and reunions • stranger introduced ``` ``` Episodes: • Researcher intro • parent and child • parent, child, & stranger • stranger and child alone • parent and child* • child alone • stranger and child • parent and child* ``` Classifications: Secure (65%) • explore freely in caregiver􏰀s presence • often visibly upset when caregiver leaves • greet caregiver warmly at reunion Insecure-Avoidant (20%) • show little or no distress upon separation • avoid contact with caregiver upon reunion • may show more positive behavior w/stranger Insecure-Resistant (10-15%) • thoroughly distressed by separations • don'􏰀t settle easily upon reunions • mix proximity-seeking and angry behaviors Disorganized/Disoriented (15%) • confused, contradictory behaviors • dazed, fearful facial expressions • frozen postures

Answer 19

(65%) • explore freely in caregiver􏰀s presence • often visibly upset when caregiver leaves • greet caregiver warmly at reunion

Answer 20

(20%) • show little or no distress upon separation • avoid contact with caregiver upon reunion • may show more positive behavior w/stranger

Answer 21

(10-15%) • thoroughly distressed by separations • don'􏰀t settle easily upon reunions • mix proximity-seeking and angry behaviors

Answer 22

(15%) • confused, contradictory behaviors • dazed, fearful facial expressions • frozen postures

Answer 23

Usually secure and stable for middle-SES babies experiencing favorable life conditions Low SES families • Attachment might move from one insecure pattern to another • Child maltreatment, maternal depression, poor family functioning Cultural Variations: • N. Germany • Japan Quality of Attachment –> internal working model • result of quality of care • Sensitivity • Infant characteristics Benefits of secure attachment • secure attachment --> preschool competence • Continuity of caregiving

Answer 24

Infants typically become attached to their fathers as well as to their mothers Fathers are clearly capable of being as sensitive as mothers are (e.g., feeding; Parke & Sawin, 1977) But, some research indicates that on average, fathers are less sensitive than are mothers: why? Fathers may have a special role in playing with their infants Fathers'􏰀 sensitive and challenging behavior during play in toddlerhood linked to more secure internal working models by adolescence

Answer 25

Birth: Intermodal perception Sense of self-world differentiation Explicit self-awareness • More conscious of physical features at 18-20 months Age 2 yrs –> self-recognition (use of “I,” “me”) • Make scale errors Age 2 yrs –> Empathy

Answer 26

Categorical self (18–30 months): classifying self and others on basis of • age (“baby,” “boy,” “man”). • sex (“boy,” “girl”). • physical characteristics (“big,” “strong”). • goodness and badness (“I good girl”). Toddlers use their limited categorical understanding to organize their own behavior.

Answer 27

Effortful control: ability to inhibit impulses and manage negative emotion Compliance (12–18 months): • Toddlers show clear awareness of caregivers’ wishes & expectations. • Assertiveness & opposition occur alongside eager, willing compliance. Delay of gratification: influenced by temperament and quality of caregiving.

Answer 28

* Respond with sensitivity and encouragement. * Give advance notice of change inactivity. * Offer many prompts and reminders. * Positively reinforce self-controlled behavior. * Encourage selective and sustained attention. * Support language development. * Increase rules gradually.