Chapter 5 Flashcards
At birth, the _____ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure
At birth, the BRAIN is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure
The _______ undergoes especially rapid pruning of synapses during the pre-school and school years.
The Pre-Frontal Cortex undergoes especially rapid pruning of synapses during the pre-school and school years
A baby combined his skill of kicking, rocking on all fours, and reaching in order to crawl: this is an example of _____ .
A baby combined his skill of kicking, rocking on all fours, and reaching in order to crawl: example of dynamic systems of actions
Baby Alfredo looks more intensely at a checkerboard with a large black & white squares rather than one with smaller grey and white squares….
Why?
Contrast sensitivity
Nutrition
- Baby’s brain is developing rapidly
- 25% of infants’ total caloric intake is devoted to growth
- Parents’ faced with decision to bottle or breastfeed
Breastfeeding
77% of women begin breastfeeding after birth, but 1/3 of women stop by 6 months
Why breastfeed? • Better jaw and tooth development • Organic • Norm for infant feeding • Minimizes exposure to foreign protein • Optimal developmental outcomes for child • Provide immunologic benefits
At 6 months, moms often go back to work, which would take it much harder to breastfeed
Cow milk is more sugary
Child Health Benefits of Breastfeeding
Decreased rates of: • Celiac disease • Inflammatory bowel disease • Hypertension • Hypercholesterolemia
Childhood Obesity
One of the most significant childhood health problems in the U.S.
Affects 20% of children in the U.S., with up to 30% classified as overweight for age
Incidence decreased in the breastfed population
Breastfeeding Discussion
The benefits of breastfeeding continue as long as a child is being breastfed.
Some moms breastfeed until they go back to work (6 weeks), while others try to make it to the 6-month marker.
Some moms want to breast feed for a year, and others push on longer than that.
Are chubby babies at risk for later obesity?
Recent research shows an association between rapid weight gain in infancy and later obesity.
• On average, infants consumed 20% and toddlers 30% more calories than they need, while 1⁄4 ate no fruits and 1/3 no vegetables (on an average day)
What can parents do? • Breastfeed • Avoid unhealthy foods • Promote physical exercise • Limit television viewing
Emotional Well-Being
Affection is as vital as food for healthy physical growth.
Growth Faltering applies to infants whose weight, height, and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms.
• Infants are withdrawn and apathetic.
• Often a result of disturbed parent–child relationship
• Unhappy marriage or parental psychological disturbance may be at fault.
• May cause lasting cognitive and emotional difficulties
Imitation
Imitation is a powerful method of learning.
It is more difficult to induce in babies 2 to 3 months old than
right after birth.
Andrew Meltzoff: Newborns imitate as much as older children and adults.
Mirror Neurons enable us to observe another person’s behavior while simulating that behavior in our own brain.
Meltzoff’s theory of newborn imitation as a voluntary capacity is controversial.
The Sequence of Motor Development
Gross-motor development includes crawling, standing, walking
Fine-motor development includes reaching and grasping
Gross-motor
Gross-motor development includes crawling, standing, walking
Fine-motor
Fine-motor development includes reaching and grasping
