Exam #2 Review Flashcards
What are the significant causes of feed-related diseases?
Plant toxins, improper feeding, Microbes on plants, Pathogens/toxins in food
How do microbes on plants, plant toxins, improper feeding practices, and feed contaminants cause diseases?
The bacteria can make the animals sick, the plants could poison the animals, and the food quality could cause health problems
What are livestock’s common causes of diarrhea?
abrupt change in diet
Explain the mechanisms of rumen bloat
The cow’s rumen builds up with gas, making it swell like an overfilled balloon due to eating too fast or certain foods
the difference between free gas & and frothy bloat
Free Gas float: the gas is trapped in the rumen, and the cow can’t burp it out.
Frothy bloat: Legumes or high-concentrated diets create a thick foam in the rumen. The foam traps the gas, making it hard for the cow to burp. Frothy bloat can be more problematic
How can frothy bloat be prevented in cattle?
pasture management, oils/detergents, antibotics, particle size monitoring
Describe the causes and consequences of rumen acidosis
Lower the pH in the stomach
What is the difference between acute and subacute rumen acidosis?
Acute Rumen Acidosis: Rumen pH drops significantly below 6
Subacute Rumen Acidosis: common in dairy cattle. The rumen pH remains low for several hours
How does Hyperkeratinzation relate to rumen acidosis
Thickens the rumen lining, reduces VFA absorption
How does Rumenitis relate to the rumen acidosis?
The low ruminal pH causes the inflammation of the rumen lining
How do Liver Abscesses relate to the Rumen Acidosis?
Bacteria from the rumen enter the liver
How does hyperkeratinization reduce VFA absorption?
The VFA cant easily pass through the rumen lining because of the thickness
What are the different categories of colic in horses?
- impaction
- gas colic
- colon shift
Explain the mechanism of laminitis development in horses and its connection to diet
lameness due to inflammation of hoof lamina caused by rapid carb fermentation or high soluble protein forages
Describe the causes and symptoms of ketosis
Excessive ketone production due to the negative energy balance
Why is ketosis common in dairy cows
It is more common during early lactation
they don’t eat enough to meet their demands for milk production
Explain the development of fatty liver in dairy cows during early lactation
Fat accumulates in the livers. It occurs in dairy cows during early lactation due to negative energy balance and rapid fat mobilization
What is the main reason for adding additives to the animal diet?
Improve health and enhance performance
What are the four main functions of minerals?
structural, physiological, catalytic, and regulatory
What factors influence mineral requirements?
production stage, species/breed, bioavailability
What are the types of minerals?
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
sodium
chloride
potassium
sulfur
What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble
Fat-soluble: vitamins that dissolve in fat
Water-soluble: Dissolves in water
What vitamins are fat-soluble?
K, D, E, A
What vitamins are water-soluble?
B, C
