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Exercise Physiology > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the 3 mechanisms for increasing venous return(blood flow back to right atrium) ?
A
  • Increased skeletal muscle activity
  • Deep breathing (pulmonary pump)
  • Veno constriction (#1 way to increase venous return)
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2
Q
  1. What are the 3 variables that regulate stroke volume? (these 3 also affect cardiac output)
A
  • Contractility, venous return (EDV and ESV), Frank Starling effect
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3
Q
  1. How do we regulate heart rate during exercise?
A
  • Sympathetic nervous system kicks in releasing hormones like epinephrine (raise HR and BP)
  • Central command starts the driv
  • Withdrawal of parasympathetic and implementation of sympathetic for exercise
  • Withdrawal of sympathetic and implementation of para
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4
Q
  1. Where is the cv control center and where does it receive its information from?
A
  • Medulla
  • Receives info from chemo(chemical comp of blood)/mechanoreceptors (skeletal muscle)
  • Baroreceptors (watch BP)
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5
Q
  1. What are the 2 ways that the cvs responds to the increased demand for 02 during exercise?
A
  • Meet the cardiac output(stroke volume x HR) and redistribute blood flow
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6
Q
  1. What are the phases of the heart and how do they change in response to exercise?
A
  • Diastole is filling heart (left ventricle/left atrium = high pressure) and Systole is contraction (right ventricle/right atrium = low pressure)
  • 2/3 of cycle is filling, and diastole at rest
  • Max exercise most is systole, and diastole is drastically reduced
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7
Q
  1. Why is exercise cardio-protective?
A
  • Exercise over time reduces wear on the heart and lowers heart rate
  • Increase reliance on free fatty acids, can run on alternatives fuels if oxygen isn’t present
  • Exercise increases vascular profusion, more capillaries, more pathways for blood (heart attacks or blockage won’t do as much damage because more blood is available)
  • More antioxidants
  • Improves ability to use oxygen (increased oxygen saturation) which reduces the need for heart to pump more blood
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8
Q
  1. Why does pressure drop across the arterials? How does this impact blood flow during exercise?
A
  • Arterioles (high resistance) are last stop before oxygenated blood reaches capillaries which restricts blood flow, making it easier for capillaries.
  • Arterioles can maintain or release pressure
  • Arterioles hold until metabolic waste tells them to dilate for blood flow
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9
Q
  1. Why does velocity drop across the capillaries? Why is this beneficial?
A
  • Gas and nutrient exchange occurs here
  • large surface area = slow speeds make it easier to do exchange
  • beneficial for diffusion (slow transport time and large surface area)
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10
Q
  1. What are the main contributors to increases in blood pressure?
A
  • Heart rate, stroke volume, blood viscosity, and peripheral resistance
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11
Q
  1. What makes up Cardiac Output? How does it change during exercise?
A
  • Heart rate x stroke volume (contraction + EDV + mean arterial pressure)
  • Cardiac output is dependent on heart rate, so heart rate increases with exercise and so will cardiac output
  • Stroke volume only goes up to 40% of max
  • Heart Rate goes up linearly till max (linear relationship with cardiac output)
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11
Q
  1. What is double product and why is it determinative of the work of the heart?
A
  • Heart (bpm/frequently) x Systolic BP (pressure from heart/how hard)
  • Goal is to reduce stress placed on heart with double product as indicator
  • Systolic blood pressure tells us how much pressure the heart has to generate with each beat
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12
Q
  1. Why does dynamic upper body exercise increase HR and BP more than comparable lower body exercise?
A
  • Upper body exercise means smaller muscles (less pressure relief/high HR and BP),
  • Lower body exercise has bigger muscles meaning more pressure relief (more arterioles = higher reductions in HR and BP
  • Metabolic waste causes dilation of arterioles , more metabolic waste is produced meaning more arteriole dilation that reduces pressure
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13
Q
  1. What are the primary and secondary functions of the respiratory system?
A
  • Primary – gas exchange
  • Secondary – pH balance
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14
Q
  1. Explain the role of muscles in breathing. How does this change during exercise?
A
  • Diaphragm is used during rest
  • External intercostals bring rib cage up during inhalation
  • Internal Intercostals bring rib cage down during inhale
  • Scalenes and sternocleidomastoid pull upper ribcage during deep inhale
  • Abdominal muscles help maintain body during breathing
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15
Q
  1. What factors impact the rate of diffusion?
A
  • Blood velocity (slow is better) and surface area
  • Driving pressure (difference in pressures between compartments
  • Thickness between membranes (distance)
  • Transit time (speed of blood)
  • Surface area
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16
Q
  1. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
A
  • Plasma 10%, bicarbonate 70%, carbamino compounds in hemoglobin 20% (red blood cells)
17
Q
  1. Explain the limiting factors associated with Alveolar PO2(partial pressure of oxygen).
A
  • Alveolar PO2 is 100
  • Residual volume (is deoxygenated), fresh air mixes lowering PO2 from 160 to 100
  • Deadspace
  • Conditioning to air (humidity)
18
Q
  1. Explain the limiting factors associated with Arterial PO2.
A
  • Matching air supply to blood supply
  • Imperfect ratio
  • Does get better during exercise (because of opening capillaries)
19
Q
  1. Explain the oxygen dissociation curve and the factors that influence it.
A
  • Left shift indicates increased oxygen affinity, right shift is decreased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin meaning more oxygen available to tissues
  • Temperature, H ions, CO2
  • Deload oxygen in areas with low partial pressure
  • High partial pressures is loading hemoglobin
  • CO2 decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
  • Hydrogen is bound to hemoglobin
  • Influences
  • CO2
  • Acid decreases affinity for oxygen
  • Temperature
20
Q
  1. Explain the interaction of myoglobin and hemoglobin and how the oxygen dissociation curves influence this relationship.
A
  • Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen and will steal it from hemoglobin
  • Only let go near mitochondria
21
Q
  1. How does ventilation change during exercise?
A
  • Ventilation goes up to clear CO2 and meet O2 demands, by increasing tidal volume and breathing frequency
  • Low intensity favors tidal volume (decrease work)
  • Intense favors breathing rate (
22
Q
  1. What is ventilation to perfusion matching and how does it change during exercise?
A
  • Matching of blood supply to air supply
  • Improves tremendously during exercise
23
Q
  1. How can ventilation impact our VO2 need?
A
  • As increased ventilation brings in more oxygen, the demand for O2 increases
  • Respiratory muscles work so hard they increase the demand for O2
  • Endurance workouts, lungs steal oxygen from muscles
24
Q
  1. What is the role of our pleural complex?
A
  • Aids the function of the lungs by preventing lung collapse and ribcage expansion, optimizing their movements together through creating a vacuum
  • Balance the pressures in the vacuum
25
Q
  1. Explain what an acid is. Now explain what a base is.
A
  • Acids (donor) release hydrogen and bases (adopts) remove H (accept)
26
Q
  1. What are the intracellular buffers?
A
  • Cellular proteins, Bicarbonate, phosphate
27
Q
  1. What are the extracellular buffers?
A
  • Bicarbonate, hemoglobin, blood proteins
28
Q
  1. Why are H+ ions damaging to performance?
A
  • They mess with muscle contraction, decrease force output, reduce effectiveness of energy systems
  • Inhibit key enzymes to energy production, interfere with Calcium release and reuptake, competes with Calcium ions for bonding sites on troponin and myosin, interferes with cross-bridge cycling
29
Q

What is tidal volume? Where does it start and what’s the volumes?

A
  • Tidal Volume – normally breathing: starts at 2500 to 3kmL (500mL coming in and 500 mL going out)
    o peak is inspiration
    o bottom expiration
30
Q

What is the difference between IRV and ERV?

A
  • IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume) – forceful intake of air beyond tidal volume (2800-3100mL)
  • ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume) – forceful exhale of air beyond tidal volume (13-1200mL)
31
Q

What is the purpose of RV and what is its volume?

A

its the air that remains in the lungs to keep alveoli open (1200mL)

32
Q

What’s the difference between IC and EC?

A
  • IC (Inspiratory Capacity) – total amount of air during intake (TV + IRV)
  • EC (Expiratory Capacity) – total amount of air during expiration (TV + ERV)
33
Q

What’s the difference between FRC and VC?

A
  • FRC (Functional Residual Capacity) – (ERV + RV)
  • VC (Vital Capacity) - total volume of air that can be brought in and exhaled forcefully (IRV + TV + ERV)
34
Q

What makes up TLC? How much volume?

A

TV + ERV + IRV + RV = 5800mL

35
Q

How does training reduce exercise ventilation?

A

less H production, better H buffering, less afferent muscle feedback, greater efficiency

36
Q

What is the relationship with CO2 and pH in the oxygen association curve?

A

High CO2 = low pH and vice versa

37
Q

What happens to pH balance during exercise?

A

during exercise body leans toward acidic environment (low pH), H is indicator of pH, more intense exercise causes more H

38
Q

What are the sources of H during exercise

A

production of CO2, production of lactate/lactic, and ATP breakdown

39
Q

what 3 factors determine the degree of pH disturbance

A

intensity, amount of muscle, duration

40
Q

How does the body protect from H

A

buffering, respiratory influence (bicarbonate buffer), Kidneys

Exercise Physiology (11 decks)

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