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Exercise Physiology > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is PA?
A

any bodily movement that contracts skeletal muscle and expends energy

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2
Q
  1. What is Exercise?
A

structured physical activity that is done with intent to either maintain or build the body

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3
Q
  1. What is ATP? What does ATP need or makes it up?
A

Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the body’s energy currency. It need phosphate bonds

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4
Q
  1. What are the possible fates of lactic acid? What is needed for these processes?
A

a. carry to liver for gluconeogenesis (needs NADH and lactate dehydrogenase for lactate–>pyruvate–>glucose)
b. byproduct of Anaerobic, gotten rid of by slow twitch fibers
c. converted back to Pyruvate in oxygenated cell where oxidative phosphorylation happens

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5
Q
  1. Where are fats stored? Proteins? Carbohydrates?
A

a. Fat is stored in adipose tissue as fatty acids
b. Carbs are stored as glucose either in blood stream or liver
c. Proteins are stored as amino acids in skeletal muscle

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6
Q
  1. How do we utilize protein for energy? What enzyme is required? Why is protein rarely used for energy consumption?
A

metabolize: pyruvate –> glucose (alanine is required)
Protein requires alot of energy to convert pyruvate to glucose

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7
Q
  1. What is the end product of glycolysis?
A

A. aerobic glycolysis results in pyruvate to Acetyl Coa
B. Anaerobic glycolysis results in pyruvate to Lactate
The end results are ultimately 2 Net ATP for both

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8
Q
  1. Order the energy systems in terms of rate and capacity.
A

CP system, Anaerobic glycolysis, glycolysis, beta-oxidation

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9
Q
  1. What is creatine kinase? What reaction(s) does it catalyze?
A

Enzyme Converts creatine and ADP to ATP for CP system

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10
Q
  1. Where does glycolysis take place??
A

Cytosol, inside the cell and Kreb cycle in the mitochondria

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11
Q
  1. What is/are the product(s) of glycolysis? What enzyme and molecule is needed to convert this product?
A

Pyruvate, ATP, NADH(carries electrons). Lactate dehydrogenase and a NADH

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12
Q
  1. What are the most important enzymes for glycolysis? What do they do?
A

Phosphofructokinase(rate limiting enzyme) and hexokinase (traps glucose). Breaks down ATP (4) with glucose and get net 2 ATP

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13
Q
  1. What enzyme is in the Krebs? ETC? BetaOxidation
A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase in Kreb Cycle. All take place in Mitochondria.

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14
Q
  1. When do sugars predominate as fuels? Fats?
A

High intensity and short duration. Fats are long duration and low intensity

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15
Q
  1. What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
A

3 NADH(3 ATP), FADH(2), 1 ATP

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16
Q
  1. What are the products of the ETC?
A

water and ATP

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17
Q

When do your anaerobic systems predominate? Aerobic?

A

when we need ATP fast after CP runs out during high intensity. Aerobic is the exact opposite

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18
Q

What is the lactate threshold?

A

When lactate begins to accumulate in the blood

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19
Q

What is the oxygen deficit? What are the reasons of EPOC (5)

A

When oxygen demands exceed supply. EPOC happens when excessively consumes oxygen (elevated hormones, breathing/HR, removing lactate, resynthesis of CP, restoring blood oxygen)

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20
Q

What is RER? What is RQ?

A

RER = Respiratory Exchange Ratio (CO2 produced/O2 consumed. RQ is limit up to 1 and uses anaerobic fuels, when low (fats), higher RQ = mix (moderate exercise)

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21
Q

What is VO2’s Relationship to workrate

A

More oxygen is consumed during higher workrates. Higher VO2 max means more oxygen supply means longer high intensity

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22
Q

What is the best way to remove lactate post exercise?

A

low intensity workouts for slow twitch muscles

23
Q

Are local or systematic fuels utilized first?

A

locals fuels of CP and ATP stores are used first

24
Q

What is the relationship between motor tasks and the nervous system?

A

Nervous system processes and reacts by sending signals to motor units to contract or relax skeletal muscle. Initiated and controlled movement is dictated by how the nervous system processes both external and internal information

25
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

controls the firing of the neuron(action potential) when threshold is met

26
Q

What maintains membrane potential? What establishes it?

A

Sodium and Potassium pumps. Potassium channels establish

27
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Para and sympa, enteric (not talked about)

28
Q
  1. How do fast twitch and slow twitch fibers differ from one another in regards to strength, speed, and power?
A

Fast = fast/explosive/fatigable/many fibers (type IIx is better at speed and explosivity, type IIa is balanced), slow = strong/anti-fatigue/. Force x speed = power (type IIx excel)

29
Q
  1. Explain Henneman’s Size Principle
A

Motor units are recruited in order of size from smallest to largest depending on intensity. Large = fast twich, small = slow twitch

30
Q

What is neuronal threshold?

A

when threshold of neuron is exceeded at axon hillock, action potential occurs

31
Q

How is force regulated?

A

The frequency at which a pool of fiber contracts (frequency coding and how powerfully (strength coding). Where more myosin/actin bridges form (summation/length of muscle),

32
Q
  1. How do Type IIx, Type IIa, and Type 1 fibers differ?
A

Have to go through all the fibers until you reach Type 2x for full sprinting. Type 2x (lots of glycedic enzymes/shit blood supply), Type 2a (blend), Type 1(good blood supply/lots of mitochondria)

33
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

the synaptic connection between motor neuron and muscle fibers (near axon terminal). Built as fail safe and meant to contract ( lower motor neuron is known as final common pathway)

34
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

individual lower motor neuron and its muscle fibers

35
Q

Where is calcium stored? When is it released?

A

sacroplasmic reticulum and is released during depolarization

36
Q

What are the thin and thick muscle filaments? Where are they found?

A

Myosin (thick) and actin (thin) and found in sarcomere

37
Q

What is regulated by the Golgi Organ Tendon? What does it do exactly and where is it found?

A

Force. inhibits prime mover and is found in the tendon

38
Q

What is regulated by the Muscle spindle and what exactly does it do? Where is it found?

A

regulates change in muscle length (activates primary mover) and found in muscle fiber

39
Q

How is neuronal membrane potential established

A

leaky potassium channels

40
Q

Why do we need lactate?

A

to get rid of extra pyruvate in order to produce ATP and stimulates metabolism

41
Q

At What percentage of VO2 is fat best used at?

A

50%

42
Q

What are the 4 energy substrates? Which 2 predominate?

A

muscle glycogen, blood glucose, Plasma FFA, muscle triglyceride. Plasma for low intensity, muscle glucose for high intensity

43
Q

How does ATP regenerate PC? Why is it important for a linebacker to be aerobically fit?

A

aerobically generated ATP and oxidative metabolism

being aerobically fit means faster ATP generation for CP system

44
Q

What makes a neuron fire faster?

A

highly mylenated neurons

45
Q

what is the difference between ISPS and ESPS

A

ESPS - excitatory postsynaptic potentials (depolarization)
ISPS - Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (hyperpolarization)

46
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of skeletal muscle?

A

force generation: breathing/moving, postural control, heat production

47
Q

What are 3 layers of connective tissue

A

muscle–>epimysium
fascicle–>perimysium
fiber–> endomysium

48
Q

What does tropomyosin do?

A

prevents myosin and actin from interacting

49
Q

What is troponin?

A

moves tropomyosin through calcium, allowing a myosin head to attach from a myosin filament

50
Q

The completion of any motor task is dependent on the degree of skeletal muscle activation (true or false)

A

true

51
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

Brain stem, Cerebrum, Brain

52
Q

What is true of the Autonomic system?

A

regulates glands, blood vessels, cardiac muscle, internal organs/ made up of para,symp, and enteric/capable of mobilizing the body for action or rest

53
Q

What are the five components of physical fitness?

A

body comp, flexibility, strength, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance

Exercise Physiology (11 decks)

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