Ch.2 Energy Systems

Question 1

What are the three sources of ATP?

Answer 1

1. ATP Stores
2. Anaerobic (non-oxidative) production
3. Aerobic (oxidative) production

Question 2

Define Metabolism

Answer 2

the sum of the processes resulting in the production and breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ADP)

Question 3

What is the first response to energy use? And what happens after they deplete quickly?

Answer 3

ATP stores and then Creatine Phosphate kicks in

Question 4

What are the two anaerobic pathways?

Answer 4

1. Creatine Phosphate System
2. Anaerobic Glycolysis (fast)

Question 5

What are the two Anaerobic pathways?

Answer 5

1. Aerobic glycolysis
2. Beta-oxidation

Question 6

What are the capacity and rates for Anaerobic pathways?

Answer 6

1. Creatine Phosphate = single step (rate) and <15 (capacity)
2. Anaerobic Glycolysis = 10 steps and 90 sec

Question 7

What are the capacities and rates for Aerobic pathways?

Answer 7

1. Aerobic Glycolysis = 20 steps and up to 20 mins
2. Beta-Oxidation = ? and provides energy for hours on end (especially during rest)

Question 8

What fuel source does each system rely on?

Answer 8

1. CP = creatine phosphate
2. Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolysis = glucose
3. Beta-Oxidative = fatty acids

Question 9

What do enzymes do?

What enzymes are required for each system?

Answer 9

Catches and makes sure the reaction happens (orients and helps speed reactions)

1. CP = creatine kinase (CK) helps turn over ATP
2. Anaerobic Glyco =hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase(PFK)
3. Aerobic Glyco = isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 10

What are the important things to know about the CP system?

Answer 10

CP stores are first to be used

Nets 1 ATP

possible to exhaust after 20 secs, but usually just acts as support for larger supply

works by taking a phosphate off of creatine and donating to ADP

reaction is catalyzed by creatine kinase

Question 11

What are the important things to know about the Anaerobic Glyco system?

Answer 11

Nets 2 ATP

needs glucose which is transported into the muscle via GLUT4 transporters

transporters are insulin dependent

Insulin triggers protein to transport glucose

Question 12

NEED TO REVIEW FAST GLYCO SYSTEM

Question 13

What is the process of converting glucose into energy?

Answer 13

glucose and insulin –> ATP to ADP through HK –> Glucose -6-phosphate –> ATP to ADP through PFK –> Pyruvate

Question 14

What are the important things to know about the Aerobic Glyco system?

Answer 14

is alternate route for pyruvate

if oxygen is present –> converted to acetyl-CoA

acetyl ( 2 carbons) –> 8 Step Kreb Cycle

4 carob oxaloacetate becomes 6 carbon citrate

The 7 steps to convert citrate back to oxaloacetate = production of 1 ATP, 3 NADHs, and 1 FADH

Question 15

What is important to know about the Kreb Cycle and its ATP yield?

Answer 15

1 glucose molecule = 2 ATP (which isn’t enough)

The most important thing is the Kreb Cycle produces electrons

Question 16

What is important to know about the Electron Transport Chain?

Where can it be found?

Answer 16

within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, cytochromes can be found

Cytochromes pass electrons, hydrogen is pumped until gradient is formed, gradient is used to power ATP synthase to synthesize ATP

repeats 3x for NADH and 2x for FADH

Question 17

What are the important things to know about Beta Oxidation?

Answer 17

Acetyl-CoA enters Kreb Cycle and sends electrons to ETC

Fatty acid chain is consumed 2 carbons at a time,

Question 18

Why is protein not typically used as a fuel source?

Answer 18

it is energetically expensive to convert protein into a usable subtrate

Question 19

What’s the key to getting glucose into muscles?

Answer 19

Insulin is the key to getting glucose into the cell