Exam 2 - Perfusion Flashcards
the flow of blood through arteries and capillaries delivering nutrients and O2 to cells
perfusion
___ health directly impacts optimal perfusion
cardiovascular
name at least 3 disorders related to changes in perfusion
(1) MI
(2) stroke
(3) sepsis
(4) HTN
(5) HF
heart and large vessels delivering oxygenated blood
central perfusion
impulses causing heart muscle to contract
conduction
heart contracts and ejects blood into the arteries
systole
heart relaxes and blood fills into the ventricles
diastole
blood that flows through arteries and capillaries to targeted tissues and returns to the heart via blood vessels
tissue perfusion
how does perfusion differ in infants?
(1) heart is larger compared to rest of body
(2) strength and pressure rises dramatically
how does perfusion differ in adolescents?
(1) HR declines
(2) BP increases throughout growth
how does perfusion differ in older adults?
(1) heart tissue become stiff and thick
(2) arterial walls decrease in elasticity
(3) increased BP
(4) decreased CO
(5) LE edema
the two main types of perfusion variations are ____
impaired central perfusion and impaired local / tissue perfusion
the 5 types of impaired central perfusion are
(1) altered conduction
(2) reduced myocardial contraction
(3) ineffective heart valves
(4) intravascular volume
(5) systemic vascular resistance
_____ is abnormal electrical muscle conduction that interrupts effective contractions of the heart
altered conduction
when the heart contractions are weaker than expected
reduced myocardial contraction
____ can reduce efficiency of the heart pumping
ineffective heart valves
____ can result from hypovolemia or hypervolemia
intravascular volume
pressure within the vascular system that change CO
systemic vascular resistance
impaired local / tissue perfusion most often occurs from ____
artery occlusion / constriction
the three main complications of impaired perfusion are ____
(1) hypoxia
(2) anoxia
(3) ischemia
____ is absence of O2 to cells
anoxia
____ is reversible cellular injury that occurs when demand for O2 exceeds supply
ischemia
ischemia is typically d/t ___
hypoxia
when ischemia is prolonged, it leads to ____
irreversible cell injury and tissue death
extent of ischemic harm is dependent on ___ and ____
cause; length of impairment
population risk factors for impaired perfusion are
(1) older adults
(2) social and environmental factors (i.e., low income and ed levels)
name at least 3 modifiable risk factors r/t impaired perfusion
(1) smoking
(2) elevated serum lipids
(3) sedentary lifestyle
(4) obesity
(5) diabetes
(6) hypertension
name at least 3 common s/s of impaired perfusion
(1) pain
(2) syncope
(3) dizziness
(4) dyspnea
(5) edema
(6) fatigue
during assessment for impaired perfusion, specifically palpate ___ pulses
radial and pedal
tenting may indicate ____
fluid volume deficit
what lab tests are used to assess for impaired perfusion?
(1) cardiac enzymes / markers
(2) lipids
(3) CBC
(4) BNP
___ and ____ are scans used in assessment for impaired perfusion
ECG and echocardiography / ultrasound
name at least 3 primary prevention measures for impaired perfusion
(1) diet
(2) exercise
(3) smoking
(4) BP management
(5) healthy weight
(6) statin use for lipid mgmt
name 2 secondary prevention measures for impaired perfusion
(1) BP screening
(2) lipid screening
BP screening should be done annually for adults ____ (age)
> 40 yo or at high risk
Lipid screenings should be completed every ____ for 20 yo+ with low CV risk
5 years
emergency procedure that uses electric shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm
defibrillation
controlled electrical shock to restore normal rhythm in a non-threatening situation in A fib
cardioversion
device placed inside the heart that regulates HR through electrical signals
pacemaker
mechanical pump that helps a weakened heart pump
ventricular assist device
surgery that reroutes blood around blocked artery and uses graft from another blood vessel body
arterial bypass graft
balloon catheter opens up a clogged artery and a stent is placed to keep the artery from collapsing or being blocked
angioplasty with stent placement
surgery that removes plaque buildup from inside an artery
endarterectomy
procedure that removes blood clots from blood vessels to restore circulation
thrombectomy
