Exam 2: nutritional, ecology, and growth

Question 1

what is the basic requirements of life?

Answer 1

• bioelements
• energy
• essential nutrients

Question 2

what are macronutrients?

required in large qt

Answer 2

play principal role in cell structure and metabolism (protiens, carbohydrates)

Question 3

what are micronurtients?

required in small amounts

Answer 3

invloved in enzyme function and maintenance of protien structure

Question 4

essential nutrients

what is a heterotroph?

Answer 4

must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as protiens, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

Question 5

essential nutrients

what is an autotroph?

Answer 5

not nutrionally dependent on other living things ;an organism that uses CO2 an inorganic gas as its carbon source

Question 6

energy source

what is a chemotroph?

Answer 6

gains energy from chrmical compounds

Question 7

energy source

what is a phototroph?

Answer 7

gains energy from the sun

Question 8

nutritional categories

what is a photoautotroph?

sunlight

Answer 8

photosynthetic organisms such as algae, plants, cyan

Question 9

nutritional categories

what is a chemoautotroph?

simple inorganic chemicals

Answer 9

certain bacteria and archae such as methanogens and deep sea vent bacteria

Question 10

nutritional categories

what is a chemoheterotroph?

Answer 10

they metabollically convert nutrients of other organisms

Question 11

nutritional categories

what are some examples of chemoheterotrophs?

Answer 11

• protozoa
• fungi
• animals

Question 12

nutritional categories

what is a saprobe?

vultures

Answer 12

they metabolize organic matter from dead organisms

Question 13

nutritional categories

what are some examples of saprobes?

Answer 13

• protozoa
• fungi
• bacteria

Question 14

nutritional categories

what are symbiotic microbes?

Answer 14

obtain organic matter from living organisms

Question 15

nutritional categories

what are some examples of symbiotic microbes?

Answer 15

• parasites
• commensals

Question 16

nutritional categories

what are photoheterotrophs?

Answer 16

sunlight or organic matter

Question 17

nutritional categories

what are some examples of photoheterotrophs?

Answer 17

purple and green photosynthetic bacteria

Question 18

nutritional categories

what is a chemoheterotrophs?

Answer 18

metabolize nutrients from other sources

Question 19

transport

what is passive transport?

Answer 19

doesnt require energy to move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower concentration?

Question 20

transport

what are the 3 types of passive transport?

Answer 20

• diffusion
• osmosis
• facilitated diffusion

Question 21

transport

what is diffusion?

Answer 21

movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

Question 22

transport

what is osmosis?

Answer 22

diffusion of H2O

Question 23

transport

what is active transport?

Answer 23

requires energy and carrier protiens; gradient independent

Question 24

transport

what are the 3 bulk forms of transport?

Answer 24

• endocytosis
• exocytosis
• pinocytosis

Question 25

# osmosis describe osmosis

Answer 25

- living membranes block the entrance and exit of larger molecules and permit free diffusion of water - when concentrations of the solutions differ, one side will exp net loss of H2O and the other net gain of H2O until equilibrium is reached

Question 26

# osmosis what is an isotonic solution?

Answer 26

H2O concentration is equal inside and outside the cell, thus rates of diffusion EQUAL in both directions

Question 27

# osmosis what is a hypotonic solution? | plasmolysis

Answer 27

diffusion of H2O out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall; process know as plasmolysis

Question 28

What is a hypertonic solution? | plasmolysis

Answer 28

water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall

Question 29

what is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 29

passive transport mechanism that utilizes a carrier protien and will bind to a specific substance

Question 30

what is endocytosis?

Answer 30

brining substances into the vell through a vesicle ot phagosome

Question 31

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 31

ingests substances or vells (pseudopods)

Question 32

what is pinocytosis?

Answer 32

ingestion of fluids or dissolved substances (microvilli)

Question 33

what are envoirmental factors that influencd microbes? | T, OR, pH, OP, BP

Answer 33

- temperature - oxygen requirements - pH - osmotic pressure - barometric pressure

Question 34

# temperature what are pyschrophiles?

Answer 34

bacteria capable of growth from 15 C to 0 degree C

Question 35

# temperature what are mesophiles?

Answer 35

bacteria able to grow from 20 C to 40 C which is most human pathogen

Question 36

# temperature what are thermophiles?

Answer 36

bacteria that are able to love in 45C and above

Question 37

# oxygen requirements what is an aerobe?

Answer 37

utilize oxygen

Question 38

# oxygen req what is an obligate aerobe?

Answer 38

cant grow without the presence of oxygen