Exam 2 - NonInfectious Infertility Flashcards
What is the definition of Metritis?
severe inflammation involving all layers of uterus
- endometrial mucosa & submucoss
- muscularis
- serosa
Occurs w/i 21 days post calving
What is definition of Endometritis?
Inflammation of the endometrium extending no deeper that the stratum spongiosum
Occurs at least 21 days post calving
What is pyometra?
collection of purulent exudate of varialble amt w/i endometrial cavity
persistence of corpus luteum
suspension of estrous cycle
CS of Metritis
fetid red-brown watery uterine discharge
w/i 21 d post calving
definition & CS of puerperal metritis
usually w/i 10 d post parturition
pyrexia
decr. milk yield
dullness
inappetance or anorexia
incr HR
deH2O
Dx of metritis
abn lrg uterus post calving
w/i 21 d
presence of purulent discharge
+/- pyrexia
Metritis Tx
Systemic Abx
Ceftiofur
Penicillin
Oxytet
Anti-inflammatory
+/- uterine lavage
Risk factors for endometritis
RFM (retained fetal membranes)
stillbirth
twins
assisted calving
primiparity
CS of clinical endometritis
purulent discharge detectable in vagina >= 21d or more post calving
no systemic illness
Dx of clinical endometritis
rectal palp
transrectal u/s
exam vaginal contents
- gloved hand
- metricheck device
presence of >50% purulent material (score 3) in uterine discharge detectable in vagina 21d or more post parturition
presence of mucopurulent material (score 2) in vagina after 26d post partum
What is this?
Metricheck device
What is the #1 reason of infertility in herds
Clinical endometritis!
Tx for endometritis
Ceftiofur Sodium
1mg/kg IM or SQ 3-5d
Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid
6.6mg/kg SQ SID; 72h 2nd dose
Meat withdrawal 13 days!
On label for metritis, off label for endometritis!
What could this be I wonder?
What are its charcteristics?
Cow pyometra
- purulent exudate in uterus*
- presence of CL*
- no estrus*
Etiology of pyometra
Why?
occurs when metritis, endometritis, lochia, or other contents are present & ovulaton occurs resulting in CL formation
Uterine contents (no matter how gross!) inhibit PgF2a release, & CL is maintained!
when is approx 1st post-partum ovulation in dairy cow?
when is normal gross uterine involution complete?
≈ 18d
≈ 30d
What is different if a pyometra is discoverd after a natural breeding?
May be more likely due to tritrichomoniasis!
How is pyometra different in dogs/cats than cows
not an emergent situation!
Dx & CS of pyometra
routine repro herd health visit (fresh cow checks)
hx or complaint of unobserved estrus
no observed estrus after VWP
Tx of pyometra
Remove CL
- PgF2a
Px fair→good but DON’T BREED on first heat after CL removal
What are some causes of Anestrus
Prepubertal anestrus
- nutrition
- age
- intersex
Postpartum anestrus ⇒ beef > dairy
Post-service anestrus
Heat/stress
cystic ovarian follicle
True vs apparent anestrus
True vs Apparent
insufficient hormonal stimulus failure to detct estrus
failure to know that she is pregnant
What are the intersex states in cows
freemartinism
ovarian aplasia/hypoplasia
what are some reasons for prepubertal anestrus
Poor nutrition
Too young
- Breed variations: Zebu puberty later, Dairy earlier
- Genetic components: larger scrotal circumference = earlier
Pathophysiology of freemartinism
shared chorioallantoic membranes
testicles of malle twin develop prior to female⇒leads to production of AMH→goes to female tract→inhibits development of duct systems of female
clinical appearance of freemartins
▪ Broad variation
▪ Most common apparently normal
▪ Can have small vulva, enlarged clitoris, tuft of
hair on ventral vulva
▪ Internal repro organs are abnormal:
Vestigial ovaries
Reduced devlpt of paramesomephric duct system
Some devlpt of male duct system
Most common= small genital tract, hypoplastic ovaries,
short vagina, and absent cervix
Dx of fremmartinism
Hx of twin birth
Probe vagina
vagina = 1/3 length of normal
80% detection rate
How long is postpartum anestrus
Normal 3-5 wks
Lactational anestrus
Definition of Ovarian Follicular Cysts
AKA: cystic ovarian degeneration, ovarian cysts, cystic ovaries
thin walled fluid filled follicular structure >25 mm (2.5cm)
w/ absence of luteal tissue
persist for minimum of 10 d
1º sign of cystic ovaries
anestrus
some cows show nymphomania
Dx of ovarian follicular cysts
> 80% cows show anestrus
At least 2.5cm diameter large fluid filled in absence of a CL
Palpation Per Rectum
Ultrasound
May require serial examination as cyst grows in size
Tx of ovarian follicular cysts
spontaneous recovery
lutenize it/lyse it
- GnRH/PgF2a
- hCG/PgF2a
Progesterone (CIDR) for 7 d then lyse
