Exam 2 - Infecctious Infertility bacteria & protozoal Flashcards
Fetus definition
recognizable body parts
Early Embryonic Death definition
fetal death < 8 weeks of preg
when is it considered an Abortion?
occurs between 42 or 56d ⇔ 260d of gestation
When is it considered a Stillbirth?
Fetal death > 260d of gestation
When do we consider intervention? (At what % of herd occurence?)
Intervention level is > 5% of a herd
What is #1 dx of abortion
Unknown
Listeria monocytogenes
Bacterial
G + coccobacillus
rotting hay & improperly stored silage
pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes
ingestion→ replication in monocytes→ placenta→ placentitis & fetal septicemia⇒ ABORTION
CS of L. monocytogenes
Abortion in last trimester
Sick infected cows, before, during & after abortion
encephalitis & neonatal dz
Dx of L. monocytogenes
isolation of organism from fetal tissues & placenta
Lesions:
autolysed
foci of necrosis in liver (similar to BVH-1)
pinpoint yellow, necrotic foci on tips of cotyledonary villi with focal or diffuse intercotyledonary placentitis
not necessarily pathognemonic!
Tx of L. monocytogenes
Cow usually recovers
Prevention:
proper silage storage
clean up around old, wet hay rings
Don’t feed rotten material to preg. animals
What is this?
What is important to remember about the serovars?
Leptospirosis
All serovars are ZOONOTIC!
Difference b/w host adapted serovars & non host adapted?
Host adapted:
insidious repro loss d/t infertility
L. interrogans hardjo-prajitno (USA)
L. borgpetersenii hardjo-bovis (UK)
Non host adapted:
ABORTION STORMS
L. pomona, grippo, ictero, canicola, others
Pathogenesis of Lepto
4 - 10d incubation period→ bacteremia⇒ localizes & persists in renal tubules = more sheding…more exposure…more infections
CS of Leptospirosis
Often none!
hemolytic anemia
hepato/renal dz
abortion (time of abortion depends on spp involved
photosensitization
Transmission of Lepto
URINE, placental fluids, milk, transplacental, semen
Can survive in wet environment for up to 30 d
Dx of Lepto
Clinical Hx: infertility, abortions
Organism difficult to culture
FA of Maternal urine or fetal kidney
Dam serology not much help…once abortion occurs, maternal Ab already elevated
Lepto Tx
NONE!
limit exposure to wildlife, pigs, rodents
Vx:
multivalent for non-host adapted
monovalent for host adapted
can vx in outbreak & give tetracycline
Brucella abortus
G (-) coccobacillus, intracellular
Once most importan reproductive dz of cattle in USA
rarely a concern anymore
zoonotic = Undulant Fever
Transmission & pathogenesis
1º means of transmission:
via mucus membranes→ l.n.→ bacteremia→ uterus→ multiplication in chorioallantoic trophoblasts→ fetal bacteremia and choriollantoic necrosis⇒ abortion.
Not commonly transmitted by coitus
has been transmitted by intrauterine deposition of frozen semen
Sire bulls should be test neg. for Brucella
CS of Brucella abortus
ABORTION
- frequently after 5th month of gestation*
- RFM & metritis follow*
Some Brucella infected cows give birth to weak calves that die soon after birth
Dx of Brucella abortus
Placentitis
intercotyledonary areas may be dry, thickened, cracked (Moroccan leather)
pathognemonic
definitive dx requires isolation of organism REPORTABLE!
Tx & control of B. abortus
Tx:
REPORTABLE IN USA
NO TX FOR POSITIVES
Control:
Routine serologic testing to ID infected herds
▪Vx of heifers
▪Bangs Vaccination at 4-12 months
▪Depends on test
▪RB51- antibodies do not interfere with testing
▪Certified Brucellosis free herds are best source of new animals to assure you don’t introduce an infected animal
Mycoplasma & Ureaplasma
uncommon & sporadic causes of abortion
Both organisms are found in the “normal” female reproductive tract
early & late term abortions
Granular vulvovaginitis
Salpingitis can lead to infertility
Not a major player & be careful w/ dx
Minor players in bacterial infectious infertility
- Haemophilus somnus*
- weak calves & stillbirths more often than abortion
- Chlamydia*
- Salmonella*
Campylobacter foetus veneralis
G - microaerophilic rod, comma shaped
Also called Vibrio
- Campylobacter fetus fetus*
- C. fetus jejuni*
GIT inhabitants!
not transmitted venereally
sporadic abortions in cattle
Campylobacter foetus veneralis
Transmission & pathogenesis
Coitus→ colonizes in vagina and cervix→ uterus and oviducts→ infection⇒ EED
Blame the bull! beef > dairy d/t bull use
Conception is not affected
Can also be transmitted through fomites
▪AI equipment
▪Embryo equipment
Dx & CS C. foetus veneralis
1º = delayed return to estrus
rarely observed = vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis
< 10% abort fetus
- 4-6 months
Bulls ⇒ none
Preputial scrapings/vaginal mucus
Clarks media
fetal abomasum contents, placenta
Tx C. foetus veneralis
Tx:
▪Cull bulls
▪Cow usually clears in 3 to 6 months
Control:
▪AI
▪Use Campy negative bulls
▪Vaccines-
▪Vaccinate cows before breeding season
▪ 2 inj. 2-4 wks apart such that last injection is given 2 wks before breeding season
▪Annual booster
Tritrichomonas foetus
much is the same stuff a campy/vibrio
Primarily preputial crypts
Older bulls increased #s
Tritrichomonas foetus transmission & pathogenesis
Coitus transmitted to female→ establish infection in vagina and progress to uterus
▪Does not prevent conception
▪Causes fetal loss
▪Usually EED
▪Bulls are primary reservoirs
Dx T. foetus
Herd hx
- reverse stair step
- gradual increase in herd infertility
postcoital pyometra
What does this represent?
A reverse stairstep histogram - showing delayed return to estrus seen in T. foetus infections
What is the name of the media used for T. foetus preputial scrapings?
InPouch
What is necessary to confirm negative for T. foetus
3 neg samples each 1 month apart
Tx for T. foetus
Use only culture negative or bulls less than 4 yrs old
▪Test and cull bulls
▪Use AI
Sexual rest for cows for min. 3 cycles- breed to uninfected bulls
Quarantine or divide herd
Vaccines- TrichGuard- doesn’t prevent dz- shortens recovery interval
“TRICH IS NO TREAT!”
Neospora caninum
Worldwide
Dogs are definitive host
No clinical dz in dam
Infected calves are normal, weak or aborted
Neospora caninum CS & Dx
CS:
Abortion 3rd trimester, cow not ill
Abortions can occur anytime
Lesions:
Fetus autolysed
Dx:
Most positive cows pass dz to offspring (80%)
Once a cow is positive, she stays positive
Will you see N. caninum everywhere?
No, it’s a regional thing!
N. caninum prevention & control
Disrupt predator-prey life cycle
Store & serve feed/water in a way that prevents fecal contamination
