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BIOL-M 250 > Exam 2 New > Flashcards

Exam 2 New Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

hyperpsychophiles

A

extremophile with a temperature of -10 degrees Celsius

example: Lake Vida, Antartica

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2
Q

psychophiles

A

extremophile with a temperature between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius

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3
Q

psychophiles

A

extremophile where metabolism is optimized for low temperature
-the membrane fatty acids have extreme unsaturation or branching… so MORE fluid

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4
Q

mesophiles

A

extremophile with a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius

-most important temperature

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5
Q

raising the temperature by adding heat

A

This denatures protein structure, melts DNA into single strands, and disrupts membranes
-a function of a mesophile

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6
Q

lowing temperature with cold

A

this makes proteins inflexible (denatures), slows metabolism to a crawl, and shatters membranes
-function of a mesophile

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7
Q

100 degrees Celsius

A

heat over this amount is Insufficient to kill endospores

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8
Q

thermophiles

A

extremophile with a temperature between 50 and 80 degrees Celsius

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9
Q

thermophiles

A

an extremophile where

  • bacteria have HIGH optima growth temperatures
  • proteins fold properly at high temps
  • membranes are long, straight fatty acids… so LOW fluidity
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10
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

extremophiles with a temperature between 80 and 133 degrees Celsius
-has hydrothermal vents

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11
Q

hydrothermal vents

A

openings in the sea floor where heated mineral-rich water flows

  • most ocean floor is barren (lifeless)
  • “black smokers” - animals feed near them
  • steep temperature gradient in rock
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12
Q

temperature, desiccation, oxygen, radiation, acidity, pressure, and chemicals

A

conditions that limit bacterial growth

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13
Q

oxygen

A

very toxic in the air

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14
Q

desiccation

A

very dry conditions…

-a limit of bacterial growth

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15
Q

protein function

A

low water concentration limits this…

-a function of desiccation

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16
Q

halo-tolerance curves

A

jellies (sugar), brines (salt), or curing (salt)…

high salt OR high solute concentration acts just like desiccation… this is shown through these:

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17
Q

halophiles

A

ponds with high salt concentration
>2M NaCl
-have a red color

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18
Q

archaea halobacterium

A

the red color in halophiles is due to the photosynthetic pigment of this extreme halophile

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19
Q

superoxide

A

this reacts with and damages all macromolecules it comes into contact with… DNA is the most common target because it is the largest macromolecule

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20
Q

respiration

A

this generates oxygen radicals

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21
Q

immune cells

A

these types of cells secrete radicals and hydrogen peroxide

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22
Q

superoxide dismutase (SodA)

A

this detoxifies radicals

-function of oxygen protection

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23
Q

catalase (KatF)

A

this converts hydrogen peroxide to water

-function of oxygen protection

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24
Q

Barophiles

A

DNA replication fails at high pressures. An example of this is because they THRIVE at high pressures

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25
UV light
a powerful mutagen that force thymine-thymine dimers in DNA
26
acidophiles
have a low pH | examples: stomach acid, lemon juice, vinegar, bread
27
alkalophiles
have a high pH | examples: soap, ammonia, drain cleaner
28
poisons
- under chemicals - they inactivate proteins examples: heavy metals (silver, mercury, arsenic)
29
phenolics and detergents
These are examples of membrane disruptors | -function under chemicals
30
lysol
example of a phenolic
31
alcohols and halogens
these are examples of protein denaturants | -function under chemicals
32
ethanol and iodine
what is an example of an alcohol and a halogen protein denaturant
33
antibiotics
target structures or reactions required for bacterial growth, but NOT human growth
34
protein denaturants, poisons, membrane disruptors, and antibiotics
the four things under the chemicals section in notes
35
niche theory
theory that states: different microbes grow best under specific conditions
36
generalists
this growth strategy is flexible... so microbes can grow under a broad range of conditions
37
specialists
this growth strategy is NOT flexible... so microbes need specific growing conditions`
38
eutrophic
nutrient rich environments | -fast growers
39
oligotrophic
nutrient poor environments | -slow growers
40
transport
the movement of a molecule outside of the cell to inside the cell
41
SecYEG
integral membrane protein that forms complex pores
42
SecA
peripheral membrane protein that provides export power
43
signal sequence
secreted proteins have a motif that the secretion machinery recognizes for export which is called:
44
chaperones
proteins that control the folding of other proteins
45
FtsZ
this forms a contractile ring in the middle of a cell and its function is polymerization / to recruit division machinery
46
MinC
this inhibits FtsZ polymerization
47
MinD
this activated MinC and is a membrane bound anchor
48
MinE
a topological determinant forms at the end of MinC shells and inhibits MinC, thus determining where FtsZ is positioned -KEEPS MinC and MinD OUT
49
Noc
"nucleoid occlusion" coats the chromosome and inhibits FtsZ from polymerizing over the chromosome (prevents chromosomes from being guillotined)
50
direct counting
this type of measurement for growth occurs under the microscope
51
viable counting
this type of measurement for growth occurs by spreading culture on petri plates and counting
52
spectrophotometry
this type of measurement for growth measures turbidity by shining light through a dense culture
53
flow cytometry
this type of measurement for growth occurs by counting individual cells with a laser
54
Direct Counting A&D
advantages: - don't need to grow cells - works for ANY sample disadvantages: - cells must be evenly distributed - cannot distinguish what cells are alive or dead
55
Viable Counting A&D
advantages: - can measure number of viable cells - colony forming units disadvantages: - only works for culturable bacteria - clumping - assumes each colony comes from a single cell
56
Spectrophotomery A&D
advantages: - most rapid technique - reliable disadvantages: - only works for culturable bacteria - clumping - indirect
57
flow cytometry
advantages: - accurate - can measure size disadvantages: - slow - clumping - dead cells
58
exponential growth
all components (i.e. lipids, carbohydrates, DNA, proteins, etc.) double at the same rate... so time between generations is the same
59
generation time
time required for a cell population to double in size
60
growth rate
This is species specific, so depends on: - species of bacteria - types of nutrients - temperature
61
growth rate
ALWAYS CONSTANT for a particular species under a defined set of conditions
62
batch culture
``` is a closed system... nothing added or removed includes four stages: -lag phase -exponential phase -stationary phase -death phase ```
63
contaminated food and presence in labs
what is batch culture good for?
64
environment and continual flux of material and waste products
what is batch culture bad for?
65
lag phase
- occurs after the inoculation into fresh medium - slow to no growth - recovery period - physiological adjustment
66
exponential phase
- steady state or balanced growth - metabolism of all cells is the same - cell number doubles at regular intervals - only time you can calculate growth
67
stationary phase
- no net increase in population size - cells stopped - nutrient depletion/toxin accumulation - stringent response
68
stringent response
occurs during stationary phase | -during starvation when amino acids run low and translation pauses when amino acids stop
69
RelA
a protein that bind to ribosomes and detects pausing during starvation -synthesizes ppGpp
70
ppGpp
a single modified nucleotide that signals for starvation phase changes or the stringent response -it's magic spot is increased on TLC plates after starvation
71
decreased cell size, decreased membrane fluidity, increased cross linking, increased motility, sporulation, and recycled proteins
what does ppGpp trigger?
72
continuous culture
open system... fresh nutrients flow in and waste products flow out
73
continuous culture
cells stay in exp

BIOL-M 250 (11 decks)

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