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BIOL-M 250 > Exam 2 New > Flashcards

Exam 2 New Flashcards

1
Q

hyperpsychophiles

A

extremophile with a temperature of -10 degrees Celsius

example: Lake Vida, Antartica

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2
Q

psychophiles

A

extremophile with a temperature between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius

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3
Q

psychophiles

A

extremophile where metabolism is optimized for low temperature
-the membrane fatty acids have extreme unsaturation or branching… so MORE fluid

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4
Q

mesophiles

A

extremophile with a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius

-most important temperature

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5
Q

raising the temperature by adding heat

A

This denatures protein structure, melts DNA into single strands, and disrupts membranes
-a function of a mesophile

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6
Q

lowing temperature with cold

A

this makes proteins inflexible (denatures), slows metabolism to a crawl, and shatters membranes
-function of a mesophile

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7
Q

100 degrees Celsius

A

heat over this amount is Insufficient to kill endospores

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8
Q

thermophiles

A

extremophile with a temperature between 50 and 80 degrees Celsius

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9
Q

thermophiles

A

an extremophile where

  • bacteria have HIGH optima growth temperatures
  • proteins fold properly at high temps
  • membranes are long, straight fatty acids… so LOW fluidity
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10
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

extremophiles with a temperature between 80 and 133 degrees Celsius
-has hydrothermal vents

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11
Q

hydrothermal vents

A

openings in the sea floor where heated mineral-rich water flows

  • most ocean floor is barren (lifeless)
  • “black smokers” - animals feed near them
  • steep temperature gradient in rock
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12
Q

temperature, desiccation, oxygen, radiation, acidity, pressure, and chemicals

A

conditions that limit bacterial growth

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13
Q

oxygen

A

very toxic in the air

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14
Q

desiccation

A

very dry conditions…

-a limit of bacterial growth

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15
Q

protein function

A

low water concentration limits this…

-a function of desiccation

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16
Q

halo-tolerance curves

A

jellies (sugar), brines (salt), or curing (salt)…

high salt OR high solute concentration acts just like desiccation… this is shown through these:

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17
Q

halophiles

A

ponds with high salt concentration
>2M NaCl
-have a red color

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18
Q

archaea halobacterium

A

the red color in halophiles is due to the photosynthetic pigment of this extreme halophile

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19
Q

superoxide

A

this reacts with and damages all macromolecules it comes into contact with… DNA is the most common target because it is the largest macromolecule

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20
Q

respiration

A

this generates oxygen radicals

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21
Q

immune cells

A

these types of cells secrete radicals and hydrogen peroxide

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22
Q

superoxide dismutase (SodA)

A

this detoxifies radicals

-function of oxygen protection

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23
Q

catalase (KatF)

A

this converts hydrogen peroxide to water

-function of oxygen protection

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24
Q

Barophiles

A

DNA replication fails at high pressures. An example of this is because they THRIVE at high pressures

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25
Q

UV light

A

a powerful mutagen that force thymine-thymine dimers in DNA

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26
Q

acidophiles

A

have a low pH

examples: stomach acid, lemon juice, vinegar, bread

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27
Q

alkalophiles

A

have a high pH

examples: soap, ammonia, drain cleaner

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28
Q

poisons

A
  • under chemicals
  • they inactivate proteins
    examples: heavy metals (silver, mercury, arsenic)
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29
Q

phenolics and detergents

A

These are examples of membrane disruptors

-function under chemicals

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30
Q

lysol

A

example of a phenolic

31
Q

alcohols and halogens

A

these are examples of protein denaturants

-function under chemicals

32
Q

ethanol and iodine

A

what is an example of an alcohol and a halogen protein denaturant

33
Q

antibiotics

A

target structures or reactions required for bacterial growth, but NOT human growth

34
Q

protein denaturants, poisons, membrane disruptors, and antibiotics

A

the four things under the chemicals section in notes

35
Q

niche theory

A

theory that states: different microbes grow best under specific conditions

36
Q

generalists

A

this growth strategy is flexible… so microbes can grow under a broad range of conditions

37
Q

specialists

A

this growth strategy is NOT flexible… so microbes need specific growing conditions`

38
Q

eutrophic

A

nutrient rich environments

-fast growers

39
Q

oligotrophic

A

nutrient poor environments

-slow growers

40
Q

transport

A

the movement of a molecule outside of the cell to inside the cell

41
Q

SecYEG

A

integral membrane protein that forms complex pores

42
Q

SecA

A

peripheral membrane protein that provides export power

43
Q

signal sequence

A

secreted proteins have a motif that the secretion machinery recognizes for export which is called:

44
Q

chaperones

A

proteins that control the folding of other proteins

45
Q

FtsZ

A

this forms a contractile ring in the middle of a cell and its function is polymerization / to recruit division machinery

46
Q

MinC

A

this inhibits FtsZ polymerization

47
Q

MinD

A

this activated MinC and is a membrane bound anchor

48
Q

MinE

A

a topological determinant
forms at the end of MinC shells and inhibits MinC, thus determining where FtsZ is positioned
-KEEPS MinC and MinD OUT

49
Q

Noc

A

“nucleoid occlusion”

coats the chromosome and inhibits FtsZ from polymerizing over the chromosome (prevents chromosomes from being guillotined)

50
Q

direct counting

A

this type of measurement for growth occurs under the microscope

51
Q

viable counting

A

this type of measurement for growth occurs by spreading culture on petri plates and counting

52
Q

spectrophotometry

A

this type of measurement for growth measures turbidity by shining light through a dense culture

53
Q

flow cytometry

A

this type of measurement for growth occurs by counting individual cells with a laser

54
Q

Direct Counting A&D

A

advantages:
- don’t need to grow cells
- works for ANY sample

disadvantages:

  • cells must be evenly distributed
  • cannot distinguish what cells are alive or dead
55
Q

Viable Counting A&D

A

advantages:

  • can measure number of viable cells
  • colony forming units

disadvantages:

  • only works for culturable bacteria
  • clumping
  • assumes each colony comes from a single cell
56
Q

Spectrophotomery A&D

A

advantages:

  • most rapid technique
  • reliable

disadvantages:

  • only works for culturable bacteria
  • clumping
  • indirect
57
Q

flow cytometry

A

advantages:

  • accurate
  • can measure size

disadvantages:

  • slow
  • clumping
  • dead cells
58
Q

exponential growth

A

all components (i.e. lipids, carbohydrates, DNA, proteins, etc.) double at the same rate… so time between generations is the same

59
Q

generation time

A

time required for a cell population to double in size

60
Q

growth rate

A

This is species specific, so depends on:

  • species of bacteria
  • types of nutrients
  • temperature
61
Q

growth rate

A

ALWAYS CONSTANT for a particular species under a defined set of conditions

62
Q

batch culture

A 
is a closed system... nothing added or removed
includes four stages: 
-lag phase
-exponential phase
-stationary phase
-death phase
63
Q

contaminated food and presence in labs

A

what is batch culture good for?

64
Q

environment and continual flux of material and waste products

A

what is batch culture bad for?

65
Q

lag phase

A
  • occurs after the inoculation into fresh medium
  • slow to no growth
  • recovery period
  • physiological adjustment
66
Q

exponential phase

A
  • steady state or balanced growth
  • metabolism of all cells is the same
  • cell number doubles at regular intervals
  • only time you can calculate growth
67
Q

stationary phase

A
  • no net increase in population size
  • cells stopped
  • nutrient depletion/toxin accumulation
  • stringent response
68
Q

stringent response

A

occurs during stationary phase

-during starvation when amino acids run low and translation pauses when amino acids stop

69
Q

RelA

A

a protein that bind to ribosomes and detects pausing during starvation
-synthesizes ppGpp

70
Q

ppGpp

A

a single modified nucleotide that signals for starvation phase changes or the stringent response
-it’s magic spot is increased on TLC plates after starvation

71
Q

decreased cell size, decreased membrane fluidity, increased cross linking, increased motility, sporulation, and recycled proteins

A

what does ppGpp trigger?

72
Q

continuous culture

A

open system… fresh nutrients flow in and waste products flow out

73
Q

continuous culture

A

cells stay in exp

BIOL-M 250 (11 decks)

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