Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL-M 250 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology

A

The study of small microscopic organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Microbiology include?

A

Eukaryotes, Viruses, Bacteria, Algae, Protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many categories in the tree of life?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the categories of the tree of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Tree of Life?

A

The evolutionary relatedness of organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Almost all biology is “Microbiology”. What are the ones inside the circle called?

A

Microbial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the ones that are rarely visible?

A

Animals, Fungi, and Plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Evolutionarily separate form of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How small are bacteria?

A

Eukaryotes are 100x bigger. 1 um long. (1/1000 of a millimeter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bacteria lack…

A

Organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are organelles?

A

Membrane-enclosed subcompartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bacteria have…

A

Nucleoids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a nuceloid?

A

There is no membrane. A nucelus is something that is membrane-enclosed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bacteria and Archaea are …

A

Prokaryotes (Have Nucleiod)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Eukarya are …

A

Eukaryotes (Have Nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chromosomes in Bacteria vs Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have multiple, linear chromosomes. Bacteria have single, circular chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What bacterial ribosomes are in Eukaryotes and Bactera?

A

Eukaryotes are 80S (60S+40S) Ribosomes. Bacteria have 70S (50S+30S) Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do drugs work?

A

We can have drugs target certain cells by focusing on the chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bacteria have a unique..

A

Cell Wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cell wall for Animals?

A

None

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cell Wall for Plants?

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cell wall for Fungi?

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cell wall for Bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do bacteria do?

A

They consume, and they grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do some bacteria consume?

A

Sugars, Lights, Toxins, some make alcohol, and some breathe uranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Many bacteria grow in conditions we would consider…

A

extreme. This includes hot springs, arctic ocean, strong acid, and deep in earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do bacteria do?

A

Cycle most carbon, make most oxygen. Some make us sick, and they build communities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Structural of Eukaryotes

A

Large Membrane-Bound Nucleus Membrane-bought organelles No wall or Cellulose Wall 80S Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bacteria Structural

A

Small Nucleoid No Organelles Peptidoglycan 70S Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Metabolic of Eukaryotes

A

Fairly limited metabolism Fairly limited tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Metabolic of Bacteria

A

Diverse Metabolism Extremophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Genetic of Eukaryotes

A

Linear Chromosomes Single Genes So Sigma Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Genetic of Bacteria

A

Circular Chromosomes Operons of Genes Sigma Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How much bacteria are there?

A

5 x 10^30 bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Bacterial Colonies can be large, in class example?

A

“Milky Seas”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the Vibrio Fischeri

A

Marine Bacterium with squid symbiont.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What enzyme does the Vibrio Fischeri use?

A

Luciferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the Vibrio Fischeri do?

A

Produces light only at high cell density using quorum sensing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How does the Squid/Vibrio relationship work?

A

Chemical recognition between squid and bacteria. Squid feeds the bacteria and bacteria give off light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the term used for when bacteria emits light?

A

Counter-Illumination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Bacteria + Animal

A

Symbiosis (Tube Worms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Bacteria + Plant

A

Symbiosis (Root Nodules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Bacteria + Fungi

A

Symbiosis (Lichens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Bacteria + Bacteria

A

Symbiosis (BIofilms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What year and Who was credited with discovering microorganisms

A

1676, Antony Van Leeuwenhoeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek discover?

A

Discovered microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What did Robert Hookie do?

A

Studied TB using his own microscopes in 1670

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What was the Voynich Manuscript?

A

Was possibly the first biology textbook. The drawings on them resemble telescopes from the time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Who was the creator of the early microscope?

A

Cornelius Drebbel (1572-1633)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How many requirements for Microscopy?

A

Four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the four requirements for Microscopy?

A

Magnification Resolution Light Quality Contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Magnification (Microscopy)

A

Relative increase in image size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Resolution (Microscopy)

A

The ability to distinguish two points that are close together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Light Quality (Microscopy)

A

Sets limit of resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Contrast (Microscopy)

A

The ability of detect objects against a background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Most common type of microscope?

A

Bright Field Microscopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Refraction definition

A

Light bends when it passes from one medium to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Why does bending occur?

A

Because light travels more slowly in a denser medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What do Lenses do?

A

Refract light to focus light onto a single point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the Refractive Index?

A

A measurement of how much lens will bend light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How do you get an increase in apparent image size?

A

Decreased focal length and increased magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What does a decreased focal length and increased magnification cause?

A

Increase in apparent size of image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is empty magnification?

A

When you zoom in on a product and it is blurry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How do you get the ability to distinguish two adjacent points?

A

Increase in numerical aperture and increase in resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What does an increase in numerical aperture and resolution do?

A

Increases ability to distinguish two adjacent points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What do stains do in terms of Contrast?

A

Enhance Contrast Fixes (Kills) Cells Specialized/Diagnostic Stains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Gram Stain in terms of Contrast?

A

Detects kind of cell envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What does flagellar stain do in terms of Contrast?

A

Detects Flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is Phase Contrast Microscopy?

A

Uses diffraction and interference to generate contrast. No staining necessary Gives off a bright halo vs a black background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is Light Microscopy?

A

Light passes through the specimen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Florescence Microscopy?

A

Light does not pass through specimen Light excites fluorescent molecules which emit light themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Gene Fusion to GFP?

A

Fuse two gene sequences to make a hybrid protein. Combines minJ and GFP so that it’s always dragged along

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Flourescence

A

Emits light after photoexcitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Example of Fluorescence

A

GFP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Luminescence

A

Produces light by chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Example of Luminescence?

A

Luciferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Resolution is ultimately limited by light quality by having

A

decreased wavelength and increased resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is Electron Microscopy?

A

Uses a beam of electrons with a very short wavelength. Allows very high resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What are the two types of Electron Microscopy?

A

Transmission and Scanning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

Uses electrons to scan specimen. Cells are strained and dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

Allows for very detailed inside looks. Cells stained and kills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Electron Cryotomography (Transmission EM)

A

Freeze sample in ice. Take pictures as you tilt the stage. Cells are still alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q
A

Light Microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q
A

Fluorescence Microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q
A

Transmission Electron Microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q
A

Scanning Electron Microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

A

A type of microscopy that does not use light! (kinda) An ultra-fine probe taps over objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Name of microscopy that probe taps over objects?

A

Atomic Force Microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

More facts about AFM

A

Emitter light bounces into detector.

Cells are still alive.

Probe can damage soft objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Limit of Light Microscopy?

A

1000x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Limit of Electron Microscope?

A

1,000,000x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Microscopy must colve

A

Magnification

Resolution

Light Quality

Contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

How long have bacteria been here for?

A

3.5 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

Ancient, Fossilized Microbial Mats. Look like modern day Cyanobacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Taxonomy

A

Placing organisms in groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What is Nomenclature?

A

A system of naming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus declare?

A

That Biological Nomenclature must be consistent and meaningful.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Abbrevation for Biological Nomenclature

A

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Definition of Species

A

An interbreeding population that is reproductively isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Biological Nomenclature is organized from..

A

bottom to top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Classification strategies for bacteria?

A
  1. Numberical Taxonomy (traits)
  2. DNA-DNA Hybridization (Genome Comparison)
  3. Phylogenetics (Molecular Chronometer)
  4. Polyphasic Approaches (Combination)
  5. Naming by disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Numerical Taxonomy

A

Name bacteria based on trait similarity. Traits are assigned yes/no to each one. Need 100 traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Problems with numerical taxonomy?

A

If two strains share enough “important” traits then they are the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Advantages of Numerical Taxonomy

A

Trait information is very useful and meaningful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Disadvantages of Numerical Taxonomy

A

Traits are arbitrary

All weighted equally

Some simple, some complex

Traits are necessarily related to one another

Same trait may rise through different mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

DNA-DNA Hybridization

A

Compares entire genome. DNA is heated and untwisted. They’re then cooled and retwist with one another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What percentage of DNA-DNA Hybridization needed to be same species?

A

>70% DNA/DNA Hybridization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Advantages of DNA-DNA Hybridization?

A

Extremely accurate and relevant Only formal definition of bacterial species today is >70% DNA-DNA Hybridization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Disadvantages of DNA-DNA Hybridization?

A

Two organisms being compared must be genetically similar for this to work. Impractical and only close comparsions work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What are Phylogenetics?

A

Comparing sequences of a chosen macromolecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

What is a chosen molecule in Phylogenetics called?

A

Molecular Chronometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Phylogenetics is

A

classification based on evolutionary relatedness by sequence similarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Phylogenetics explained

A

You choose sequence of protein or gene and the organisms with fewer changes in sequence more closely related.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Molecular chronometers must meet how many criteria?

A

Four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Molecular Chronometers must meet the following criteria:

A

Found in all represesntatives of the groups studied

Function must be the same in all representatives

Sufficient Similarity between molecules so that the sequences can be aligned

Sufficent differences such that each sequence has its own signature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Molecular Chronometers in Animals?

A

Hemoglobin; O2 Carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Molecular Chronometers in Aerobes

A

Cytochrome C (Protein); Respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Molecular Chronometers in Animals/Plants/Microbes?

A

ATPase (Protein) ; ATP Synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Molecular Chronometers in Almost All Organisms?

A

RecA; Homologous Recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Molecular Chronometers in All Cellular Life?

A

16S rRNA; Ribosome Structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

16S rRNA

A

Nucleic Acid Sequence

Found in all living things

Part of Ribosomes

Relative Constant Regions

Highly variable regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Consequences of 16S rRNA Phylogeny

A

The old tree with five kingdoms got replaced with new tree of three kingdoms. Bacteria were now parallel and equal to Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Old thoughts about Photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis was thought to be narrowly distributed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

After thoughts of Photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is widely distributed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Old thoughts about bacteria?

A

There was some unusual bacteria present in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

After thoughts about bacteria?

A

Some unusual bacteria wasn’t bacteria at all., it was Archaea instead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

How was Microbial Ecology REvolutionized?

A

Harvest and sequence an environmental mixture of 16s rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Steps behind Microbial Ecology

A
  1. Quickly assess microbial members of an environment
  2. Deduce properties of environmental by bacteria groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Microbiome

A

Determining all the organisms in a particular region of body. Bacteria population associated with health and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Problem with Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have 16S rRNA. These organelles were once bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

16S rRNA Sequence Advantages

A

Eay in the “sequencing age”. Massive data sets accumulating and great for higher order comparisons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

16s rRNA Sequences Disadvantages

A

Poor at species designation with no direct trait information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Bacteria cannot be organized by

A

the traditional species concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Recap of Numerical Taxonomy

A

Compare organisms based on similar traits (informative but too artbitrary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Recap of DNA/DNA Hybridization

A

Compare organisms based on total geneome similarity (precise but too specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Recap of 16S rRNA Sequencing

A

Compare organisms based on evolutionary relatedness (Universwal but doesn’t tell you about the properties of the organism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Polyphasic Approach

A

Naming by a combination of approaches. Isolate and grow new bacterium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

First Step of Polyphasic Approach

A

Sequence 16s rRNA and compare to database to find closest relative (Molecular Chronometer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

Second step of Polyphasic Approach

A

Then compare physiological traits to closest “type strain” (Numerical TAxonomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

Third Step in Polyphasic Approach

A

Compare genome to the type of strain to determine same of diferent species (DNA-DNA Hybridization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

What is a bacterial species?

A

A collection of strains that share important traits and 70% DNA/DNA genome hybridization with a type strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

What is a type strain?

A

An arbitrarily selected bacterial stran that has all of the hallmark traits of the species to which it belongs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Comparing to Type Strains

A

Compare traits of new isolate to type of strain. You then confirm species with DNA-DNA Hybridization >70%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Organism of Week - Epulopiscium Fishelsoni

A

Enormous bacteria, can be seen by the human eye. Found in gut of surgeon fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Cell Division in Epuloiscium Fishelsoni?

A

New daughter cells grows inside mother cell. Mother cell killed when daughters released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Naming by Disease

A

Pathogen species are named based on the disease they cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

Complications of Naming Bacteria?

A

Characterization long and difficult

Traits can be hard to observe

Some cant be grown in lab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

What are Phages

A

Phage are viruses that infect bacteria. Viruses are just proteins and nucleic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

Phage Strategy: Lysogeny

A

Phage inserts genome into genome of E Coli

E Coli repliacates phage gene like its own

Now expresses phage gene as its own

E Coli now secretes Shiga Toxin that damages human cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

Serotyping

A

Naming pathogens based on antigen variation. Antibodies bind to target anitgens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

What is the O-Antigen?

A

Unique sugar pattern on LPS of each Gram Neg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

What is the H-Antigen

A

Flagellin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

What is the K-Antigen?

A

Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

What is the subunit of Polysaccharides?

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

What is the subunit of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

What is the subunit of Proteins?

A

Amino Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

What is the subunit of Lipids?

A

Fatty Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

What is the Macromolecule Polymer of Carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

What is the Macromolecule Polymer of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides

160
Q

What is the Macromolecule Polymer of Amino Acids

A

Proteins

161
Q

What is the Macromolecule Polymer of Fatty Acids

A

Lipids

162
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are polymers of carbohydrates.

AKA “Sugars”

163
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

They are hydrated Carbons. For every C, there is H2O

164
Q

What are sugar names determined by?

A

Number of Carbons

Orientation of Hydroxyl Groups

165
Q
A

Glucose; Know that this is a Sugar

166
Q
A

Allose

167
Q
A

Glucose - Six Carbon Sugar

Know that this is a Sugar!

168
Q

How do you connect two molecules?

A

You remove a molecule and link relative to one another. (Dehydration)

169
Q

What are polysacchardies in terms of polymers?

A

They are large polymers with many monosaccharides

170
Q

Polysacchardies contain information in

A

Type of Sugars

Linking between sugars (Alpha or Beta)

Branches

171
Q

Which linkage is easier to break?

A

Alpha linkages are easiter to break than Beta

172
Q

What are A linked Polysaccharides?

A

Starch and Glycogen, common energy storage molecules

173
Q

What are B linked Polysaccharides?

A

Lactose (Lactose Intolerance) and Cellulose (PLant Cell Walls) difficult to digest

174
Q
A

Beta Linked Polysaccharides

175
Q
A

Beta Linked Polysaccharides

176
Q
A

Alpha Linked Polysaccharides

177
Q
A

Alpha Linked Polysaccharides

178
Q

How many carbohydrate functions are there?

A

Three

179
Q

What are the carbohydrate functions

A

Structural Component

Energy Source

Information

180
Q

Carbohydrate Function - Structural Component

A

Cell Wall Material

“Capsule”

181
Q

Carbohydrate Function - Energy Source

A

Found in the environment and intracellular storage molecules

182
Q

Carbohydrate Function - Information

A

Sugar pattern on cell surface can identify bacteria

Intracuellular trafficking and recognition in eukaryotes

183
Q

Where are polysaccharides found?

A

In the capsule beyond the boundry of the cell wall

184
Q
A

Pentose

185
Q
A

Pentose

186
Q
A

Deoxyribose

187
Q
A

Deoxyribose

188
Q

What is the Sugar-Phosphate backbone of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

189
Q

What is the Sugar-Phosphate backbone of RNA?

A

Ribose

190
Q

How did Nucleic Acids get its name?

A

Because they were isolated from the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

191
Q

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

Carry genetic information and are polymers of nucleotides

192
Q

Do bacteria have nucleic acids?

A

Yes

193
Q

DNA and RNA are

A

Polymers of nucleotides

194
Q

RNA are for

A

short term information storage

195
Q

DNA are for

A

long term information storage

196
Q
A

RNA

197
Q
A

DNA

198
Q

Polymerization

A

The mechanism of chain growth

199
Q

How is Polymerization activated?

A

Nucleotides are activated with tri-phosphate

200
Q

What end of a chain is added in Polymerization?

A

3’ End

201
Q

Chains Polymerized in a

A

5’ to 3’ direction

202
Q

What are the two Purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

203
Q

What are the two Pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

204
Q
A

Adenine

205
Q
A

Guanine

206
Q
A

Thymine

207
Q
A

Cytosine

208
Q

Which base pair features two hydrogen bonds?

A

Adenine -Thymine (Slightly Weaker)

209
Q

Which base pair features three hydrogen bonds?

A

Guanine-Cytosine (Slightly StrongeR)

210
Q

Base pairing aligns two strands of DNA that are

A

Antiparallel strands

211
Q

“Sides” of DNA bases carry

A

Information

212
Q

More information is found in

A

major groove

213
Q

Less information found in

A

minor groove

214
Q

What does Hydrogen Bonding of bases do in DNA Structure?

A

Sets alignment of double strand

215
Q

What does the Hydrophobic Base do in DNA?

A

Stacking stabilizes the macrostructure

216
Q

What does Electron Repulsion do in DNA Structure?

A

Electrial Repulsion of Phosphates destabilizes structure

217
Q

What do Divalent Metals do in DNA Structure?

A

Neutralize charge and repulsion to stabilize

218
Q

What makes RNA more unstable?

A

It has an -OH (Hydroxyl) Group in 2’

219
Q

What base does RNA have instead of DNA?

A

It has Uracil instead of Thymine

220
Q

How many strands does RNA have?

A

One

221
Q

Exception of single strand of RNA?

A

tRNA and rRNA

222
Q

How many functions does Nucleic Acid have?

A

Three

223
Q

What are the functions of Nucleic Acid?

A

Information Storage

Structure

Energy Intermediate

224
Q

Nucleic Acid Function - Information Storage

A

Genetic Material, Dna Chromosome

Information Conversion

Signaling

225
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Transcription

226
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Translation

227
Q

What does signaling contain?

A

cAMP, ppGpp, c-di-GMP

228
Q

Nucleic Acid Function - Structure

A

Ribosomal rRNA

229
Q

Nucleic Acid Function - Energy Intermediate

A

Energy “Currency” (ATP/NADH)

230
Q

Shape of a protein determines..

A

what function it has

231
Q

Proteins are made of

A

amino acids

232
Q

All information for protein folding is

A

contained in the specific order of amino acids

233
Q

Proteins are polymers of

A

amino acids

234
Q
A

Amino Acid

235
Q

Amino Acids differ based on

A

R Groups

236
Q

What is Hydrophobic?

A

They avoid water

237
Q

How can amino acids be linked together

A

They can be linked together via peptide bonds to make polypeptides

238
Q

Peptide bonds are very

A

strong

239
Q

Polypeptides have an

A

orientation

240
Q

Primary Structure (1 Degree)

A

A linear series of amino acids that forms a protein expressed N to C terminus.

241
Q

What does a Primary Structure contain?

A

Contains all the information for protein folding and function

242
Q

What does Secondary Structure (2 Degree) do?

A

The primary sequence instructs folding of two basic motifs. Stabilized by Hydrogen.

243
Q

Alpha Helix role in Secondary Structure?

A

Backbone of hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids

244
Q

Beta Sheet in Secondary Structure

A

Backbone hydrogen bonding between non-adjacent amino acids

245
Q

Tertiary Structure (3 Degrees)

A

3D folding of a 2D structure

246
Q

Tertiary Structure folding is

A

driven and stabilized by hydropobic interactions of amino acid R-GRoups

247
Q

Quaternery Structure (4 Degrees)

A

Multiple proteins assemble to form super structure. Multiple proteins must cooperate in a complex.

248
Q

What is the Goal of Structures?

A

To take the 1 degree and predict everything about it

249
Q

Protein Naming

A

Bacteriology uses common system. Three letter prefix, one letter sufix.

250
Q

How many protein functions are there?

A

Two

251
Q

What are the protein functions?

A

Enzymes

Structural

252
Q

Protein Functions - Enzymes

A

Proteins do almost all work in cell

Diversity of structure/function

Catalyze reactions

Synthesize cell parts

253
Q

Protein Functions - Structural

A

Internal and External Structure

Cytoskeleton in Eukaryotes

254
Q

Lipids are hte primary component of

A

Cell Membranes

Represents membrane bi-layer

255
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

One glycerol (head group) and up to three fatty acids attach to Hydroxyl with R hanging off end

256
Q

Fatty Acids can vary by

A

Carbon Chain Length

Number of double bonds

Position of Double Bonds

257
Q

What do X and Y represent in CX:Y

A

X = Number of Carbons

Y = Number of Double Bonds

258
Q

Saturated means

A

No Double Bonds

259
Q

Unsaturated means

A

One or more double bonds

260
Q

Fatty Acids are Amphipathic

A

Both Hydrophillic (Associates with water) and Hydrophobic (Avoids Water)

261
Q

Fatty acids can also form

A

Miceles

262
Q

What are miceles?

A

Fatty acids that arrange themselves in a spherical form.

263
Q

What is on the outside and inside in a micele?

A

Hydrophillc on the outside, hydrophobic on the inside.

264
Q

What happens as more fatty acids are added to a micele?

A

It starts to destabilize into smaller miceles.

265
Q

Phosopholipids carry multiple …

A

fatty acid chains linked together by glycerol, phosphate, plus head group

266
Q

Phospholipids can form

A

bilayers

267
Q

Fatty acids occupies a

A

conic space

268
Q

Phospholipids occupies a

A

cylindrical space

269
Q

Many phospholipids make a

A

vesicle

270
Q
A

Lateral Diffusion

271
Q
A

Transverse Diffusion

272
Q

What does Fluid in Fluid Mosiac Model of Biological Membranes mean?

A

“Fluid” because lateral diffusion is rapid

273
Q

What does Mosaic in Fluid Mosiac Model of Biological Membranes mean?

A

Mosaic of proteins embedded throughout the membrane. Integral and peripheral. Transport, sensory systems, energetics

274
Q

Membrane Proteins - Integral

A

Passes through the membrane

275
Q

Membrane Proteins - Peripheral

A

Associated with surface of membrane

276
Q

What percentage is water is a bacteria cell?

A

70%

277
Q

Proteins contribute the ___ ____ and are the ___ ____ macromolecule

A

most mass

most diverse

278
Q

What is the largest macromolecule in the cell?

A

DNA

279
Q

Does DNA or RNA have more weight?

A

RNA

280
Q

What is the most numerous macromolecule?

A

Lipids

281
Q

Cell structure is defined by the

A

cell membrane

282
Q

Cell membrane has what type of barrier?

A

Permeability

283
Q

Thermal Damage - What happens when it gets too hot?

A

It causes it to break down into smaller vesicles

284
Q

Thermal Damage- What happens when it gets too cold?

A

Too cold causes it to shatter

285
Q

Saturated fatty acids ___ to one another

A

stick

286
Q

What can happen to membranes at low temperatures?

A

They can freeze

287
Q

Cells adjust fluidity by doing what?

A

Increasing “space” to increase bilayer fluidity.

288
Q

What does heat do to a membrane?

A

Heat speeds up molecular motion so cell compensates with saturated fatty acids

289
Q

What does cold do to a membrane?

A

Cold slows down molecular motion so cell compensates with modified fatty acids

290
Q

Less molecular freedom =

A

Less fluid

291
Q

More molecular Freedom =

A

More Fluid

292
Q

Membranes are slightly permeable to

A

water

293
Q

Name of membranes protecting themselves from water damage?

A

Osmotic Damage

294
Q

What happens when too much water gets past the membrane?

A

Cell bursts

295
Q

Peptidoglycan is a combination of what two components?

A

Sugar and Protein Component

296
Q

Peptidoglycan - Sugar Component a polymer of

A

NAG and NAM joined by B-Linkage to form chains

297
Q

Peptidoglycan - Protein Component chains crosslinked by?

A

Amino Acids

298
Q

What is Peptidoglycan?

A

An exoskeleton that protects cell from bursting

299
Q

Polysaccharides are ____ to long axis

A

perpendicular

300
Q

Peptide Crosslinks are ___ to long axis

A

Parallel

301
Q

Peptidoglycan surrounds ____

A

Plasma Membrane

302
Q

What B-Linked Glucose is used in Plants?

A

Cellulose, used in Cell Walls

303
Q

Use of D-Amino acids ____

A

increass peptidoglycan resistance to proteases

304
Q

What are L-Form amino acids?

A

They are used to make proteins

305
Q

Where are D-Form amino acids found?

A

Found in peptidoglycan

306
Q

Diaminopimelic Acid “DAP”

A

“Unusual Amino Acid

Not found in proteins

Permits crosslinking

Forms 2 Peptide Bonds

307
Q
A

DAP

308
Q

What is Penicillin?

A

Antibiotic that prevents chain crosslinking (Incomplete Structure)

309
Q

What is Lysozyme?

A

Enzyme in tears that cleaves B-Linkage between sugars of the chain

310
Q

What happenes in Chemical Damage?

A

Hydrophobic molecules will insert themselves into membrane and destabilize the bilayer

311
Q

What is the name of the thing that causes harm in Chemical Damage?

A

Detergents

312
Q

How to bacteria act behave to the presence of heat?

A

Adapt by moving fatty acids in membrane depending on the heat

313
Q

What does a Gram Positive place in the presence of Detergents?

A

Negatively Charged Teichoic Acids

314
Q

What does the Gram Negative place in the presence of Detergents?

A

Negatively Charged Lipopolysaccharides

315
Q

Structure of a Gram Positive?

A

Only one plasma membrane with a lot of peptidoglycan

316
Q

Structure of Gram Negative?

A

An outermembrane

Peptidoglycan

Plasma Membrane

317
Q
A

Gram Positive

318
Q
A

Gram Negative

319
Q

Thin or Thick layer of Peptidoglycan in Gram Positive Cell?

A

Thick Layer

320
Q

Components of Gram Positive Cell?

A

Peptidoglycan

Plasma Membrane

321
Q

Is the Plasma alive in Gram Positive?

A

Yes

322
Q

Is the outer membrane alive in Gram Positive?

A

No

323
Q

Gram Positive - Teichoic Acids

A

Negatively charged glycerol phosphate polymers

324
Q
A

Teichoic Acids in Purple

325
Q
A

Teichoic Acids

326
Q

What do Teichoic Acids do?

A

Protect the membrane. They repel hydrophobic detergents from inserting into membrane

327
Q

Components of Gram Negative Cell Wall?

A

Outer Membrane

Peptidoglycan

Periplasm

Plasma Membrane

328
Q

What does the outermembrane do in Gram Negative?

A

Shids plasma membrane and peptidoglycan

329
Q

LPS is located where?

A

On the outer membrane of Gram Negatives

330
Q

Definition of LPS?

A

Negatively charged to repel hydrophobic molecules. Charger barrier for chemical defense.

331
Q

Lipopolysaccharide is ___

A

amiphipathic

332
Q

How many domains in LPS Structure?

A

Three

333
Q

What are the three domains in LPS Structure?

A

O-Antigen

Core

Lipid A

334
Q
A

O-Antigen on LPS

335
Q
A

Core in LPS

336
Q
A

Lipid A in LPS

337
Q

What is the LPS “O-Antigen?

A

Repeating pattern of highly variable sugars. Function unknown

338
Q

What is the LPS “Core”

A

A series of sugars that is highly conserved in all Gram negative bacteria. Is the charge barrier against detergents

339
Q

What is the LPS “Lipid A”

A

Anchors Lipid A to outer membrane. Phospho-Sugar backbone instead of glycerol. 6 fatty acids instead of 2.

340
Q

Is Lipid A Hydrophillic?

A

No, it is Hydrophobic1

341
Q

What does Braun’s Lipoprotein do?

A

Attaches outer membrane to peptidoglycan.

342
Q
A

LPS

343
Q
A

Brauns Lipoprotein

344
Q
A

Porin

345
Q

What are porins?

A

Permeability gates.

Allow small molecules to diffuse into cell.

346
Q

What is the Porin Structure?

A

Passive “pores” that let molecules move through the outer membrane

347
Q
A

Periplasm

348
Q

What is a Periplasm?

A

Not a structure, but a space. Contains thick gel spanning plasma and outer membranes

349
Q

Periplasm chemical defense

A

Containing detox enzymes and chemical binding proteins

350
Q
A

Gram Positive

351
Q

The solution to Thermal Damage?

A

Adjust fatty acid content

352
Q

Solution for osmotic pressure?

A

Peptidoglycan (Exoskeleton)

353
Q

Solution for Chemical Damage?

A

Charge Barrier (LPS or Teichoic Acids)

354
Q

What are the two different cell architectures?

A

Gram Positive and Negative

355
Q

What is Mycoplasma Pneumoniae?

A

Causes “Walking Pneumonia”

Small bacteria

Only 500 genes.

No peptidoglycan

Cholestrol stabilizes membrane

356
Q

What do Eukaryotes have to buffer membrane fluidity?

A

They use cholesterol. This can either increase or decrease molecular space. This in bacteria is rare

357
Q
A

This is an increase in fluidity

358
Q
A

This is a decrease in fluidity

359
Q

Mycoplasma is an

A

Attachment Organelle

360
Q

Mycoplasma has what in the dense core of protein in neck?

A

“Leg Proteins”

361
Q

What is a Mycoplasma considered to be?

A

A Misnomer

362
Q
A

Coccus

363
Q
A

Rod

364
Q
A

Vibrio

365
Q
A

Prosthecate

366
Q
A

Spirillum

367
Q
A

Spirochete

368
Q
A

Filamentous

369
Q

What makes a rod, rod-shaped?

A

MreB

370
Q

MreB Information

A

Actin homolog, forms filaments

Coupled to PG Biosynthesis

371
Q

How do cells grow in a rod?

A

Cells grow outward from where the peptidoglycan synthesis machine is at

372
Q

What makes a vibrio, vibrio-shaped?

A

CreS

373
Q

Where is CreS found?

A

FOund only in some vibrio. May contain some MreB movement

374
Q

What makes a coccus spherical?

A

Nothing. It lacks MreB and CreS

375
Q

What is the name of the area around the molecules?

A

Hydration Shells

376
Q

In a Fluorescence Microscope shot, what color is the membrane and nucleoid?

A

Membrane is Green

Nucleoid is Red

377
Q

Information about Chromosome

A

It is single, closed circular chromosome. Contains 500-10,000 genes

378
Q

Nucleoid Structure

A

Well-defined structure but is not membrane bound. Structure constrained by proteins.

379
Q

What does SMC stand for?

A

Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes

380
Q

Why do we have organelles?

A

They reduce volume.

Restrict diffusion

Concentrate reactants

isolate imcompatible reactions

381
Q

By compartmentalizing, eukaryotes attempt to…

A

regian the efficiency of bacteria

382
Q

Do bacteria need organelles?

A

No , bacteria already have a high surface area to volume ratio

383
Q

Do eukaryotes have organelles because they are multicellular?

A

No, not the case.

384
Q

Closest relative of Mitochondria?

A

Midichoria

385
Q

Closest relative of Chloroplast?

A

Cyanobacteria

386
Q

What does the periplasm do with the membrane?

A

Increase surface area and decrease volume

387
Q

How many storage granules are there?

A

Three

388
Q

What are the three storage granules?

A

Energy Storage

Element Storage

Damaged Proteins

389
Q

In energy storage

A

PHB is excess fat. Glycogen is excess carbon. Also contain polyphospahte

390
Q

What is in element storage?

A

Sulfur and Iron

391
Q

What is in Damaged Proteins?

A

PRotein Inclusion Bodies. Storage granules can be mistaken for organelles

392
Q

Megnetospirillum Magnetotactum

A

Once thought to be true organelles but disproven, used to orient motibility in magnetic field

393
Q

What are Magnetosomes?

A

Storage granules composed of magnetite (Fe3O4)

394
Q

What organizes magnetosomes inside of the cell?

A

MamK

395
Q

Are magnetosomes surrounded by the membrane?

A

Not completely

396
Q

Advantages of Nucleoid

A

Rapid Signaling. Signaling is simplier and immediate. Also allow for coupled transcription and translation

397
Q
A

BIOL-M 250 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions