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BIOL-M 250 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

Ascribing human form or attributes to non-human creature or objects

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2
Q

Teleology

A

The belief that purpose and design are a part of, or are apparent in, nature

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3
Q

What is one problem of Teleology?

A

The idea of “want”, “intent”, “motivation”.

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4
Q

What happened when Spontaneous Generation was first discovered?

A

The belief that after broth was boiled, it look a lot time for organisms to grow back. However, it was discovered that it was just dust particles falling in.

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5
Q

What was the swan neck?

A

It prevented dust from falling in due to shape of flask.

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6
Q

What was the conclusion of Spontaneous Growth?

A

It takes a cell to make a cell

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7
Q

What does “growth” refer to in Microbiology?

A

It always refers to population growth, an increase in cell numbers.

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8
Q

What happens as a single cell starts to grow?

A

They increase in biomass to the point where they break into two daughter cells

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9
Q

What is the name of the original cell?

A

“Mother” Cell

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10
Q

What is the name of the two cells that come out of the “Mother” Cell?

A

“Daughter” Cells

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11
Q

Where do cells divide in Binary Fission?

A

Right down the middle

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12
Q

Where must new material be made in Binary Fission?

A

It must be made in the center of the cell

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13
Q

What two problems must Binary Fission solve?

A

Division Machinery and Finding The Middle

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14
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

When FtsZ is now present in the bacterial cell.

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15
Q

What is the name of the cell division protein?

A

FtsZ

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16
Q

What kind of structure does FtsZ form?

A

Forms ring-like scaffold at midcell.

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17
Q

What does Cytokinesis recruit?

A

Recruits cell wall synthesis machinery

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18
Q

What is the function of polymerization?

A

That different conformations may promote contractions of the ring.

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19
Q

First step in FtsZ Function: Recruit Divison Machinery?

A

FtsZ polymerizes at a new division site

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20
Q

Second step in FtsZ Function: Recruit Divison Machinery?

A

FtsZ recruits other “Fts” cell division proteins

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21
Q

Third step in FtsZ Function: Recruit Divison Machinery?

A

Peptidoglycan synthesis machinery loads onto complex. Brings everything into the membrane so that everything can work together.

22
Q

Why are bacterial cell divison proteins called Fts?

A

“Filamentation Temperature Sensitive”

23
Q

What would happened at high temperatures to cell division to a mutant?

A

They would filament. This would suggest that they had a cell divison problem where they could grow indefinitely but they had issues with dividing.

24
Q

What does the “Min” System contain?

A

MinC and MinD

25
Q

What is MinC

A

Inhibits FtsZ polymerization

26
Q

What is MinD

A

Membrane bought anchor and activator for MinC

27
Q

Where are MinC and MinD localized?

A

To the poles.

28
Q

How are MinC and MinD kept out of the middle of the cell?

A

MinE - Topological Determinant. Forms at the end of MinC shells and inhibits MinC.

29
Q

What is Noc?

A

Nucleoid Occulsion system, prevents chromosomes from being guillotined. Coats chromosome and inhibits FtsZ from polymerizing over chromosome

30
Q

What happens in absence of MinC/D

A

Nod prevents FtsZ from forming over nucleoid, but division plane random. Results in minicells and that is lethal.

31
Q

What are Autolysins?

A

Like LytF, they are peptidoglycan remodeling enzymes. Break peptidoglycan to separate daughter cells.

32
Q

OOTW - Caulobacter Crescentus

A

 Environmental bacterium that grows in dilute water, and very low nutrients. Has a stalk (tail off the end of the cell). Stalk grows during nutrients starvation to elongate surface area.
 Each division produces two different cell types; swimmer cell (cell cycle arrested) and stalked cell (actively dividing).
1. In order for it to grow, has to grow onto a stalk cell and lose the flagellum. It sticks to the surface and begins divison.

33
Q

What are the four ways to measure growth?

A

Direct Counting
Viable Counting
Spectrophotometry
Flow Cytometry

34
Q

Advantages of Direct Counting?

A

Do not need to grow samples, works for any sample

35
Q

Disadvantages of Direct Counting?

A

Cells must be evenly distributed

Cannot distinguish which cells are dead or alive

36
Q

Viable Counting Assumption?

A

That each living cell is a colony formung unit, and will grow to become a colony.

37
Q

Counting rule for Viable Counting?

A

30-300.

38
Q

Advantages of Viable Counting?

A

Allows you to measure the number of viable cells. Has colony forming units.

39
Q

Disadvantages of Viable Counting?

A

Only works with cultureable bacteria. Assumes eachcolony originates from a single cell and problems with clumping

40
Q

How does Spectrophotometry work?

A

You shine light through the culture. The more dense the culture is, the more light that will be absorbed.

41
Q

Tudbidity definition

A

How dense the culture is to the eye.

42
Q

Why is OD600 used as the wavelength?

A

Used because you can take that number and then use viable or direct counting

43
Q

Advantages of Spectrophotometry?

A

Most rapid technique, reliable

44
Q

Disadvantages of Spectrophotometry?

A

Organisms must be cultureable. PRoblems with cell clumps are severe and indirect. Changes in size can affect reading

45
Q

What is Flow Cytometry?

A

Bacteria flows through tube and are individually counted.

46
Q

Advantages of Flow Cytometry?

A

Extremely accurate. Can measure size.

47
Q

Disadvantages of Flow Cytometry?

A

Slow, problems with clumping and dead cells.

48
Q

What is Exponential Growth?

A

When the time between generations is the same. Cells double at the same rate.

49
Q

Generation time?

A

Time required for a cell population to double in size, respresented as (g).

50
Q

What are the two types of Growth Environments?

A

Batch Culture and Continuous Culture

51
Q

What is Batch Culture?

A
  • Closed system where no nutrients enter and no waste products leave.
  • Eventually starvation with occur where nutrient limitation will set in.
  • Good model for : contaminated food, some infections
  • Poor model for : the environment, some infections, continual flux of materials and waste products.
52
Q

What is Continuous Culture?

A
  • Open system with fresh nutrients flow in and waste products flow out
  • Fresh nutrients flow through system, allowing for continuous growth. Stay in exponential phase for forever.
  • As the dilution rate increases, more nutrients flow in at a faster rate and bacteria grow faster to keep up with the faster flow.
  • Each bacteria has a maximum growth rate however. The bacteria cannot keep up and will get washed out.

BIOL-M 250 (11 decks)

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