Exam 2 Metabolism Flashcards
2/3 of your body fluid is this?
1/3 of your body fluid is that
Icf or intracellular fluid
ECF or extracellular fluid
Plasma makes up what percent of your body fluid
20%
The remaining 80% of your body fluid that is not plasma is made up of what four things?
Synovial fluid
Fluid in the ears and eyes
Lymph
Cerebrospinal fluid
What percent of your body mass is water
45 to 75%
Increased ATP production increases what fluid
H2o
Where is your thirst Center located and what does it control?
It is located in the medulla oblongata and controls the urge to drink
How does being overweight affect the amount of water that you carry inside you and why?
Overweight people carry less water as there is very little water in adipose
How much water do skeletal muscles carry?
65%
Urine contains what that disassociates into ions
Electrolytes also known as of salts
How do kidneys produce dilute urine or concentrated urine
Kidneys can excrete excess fluids producing dilute urine
Kidneys can excrete excess electrolytes and less water creating concentrated urine
What controls whether the kidneys excrete dilute, urine or concentrated urine?
Hormones
What are your two main sources of body water and roughly how much does each give you in milliliters?
Ingested liquids and moist foods give you 2,300 ml
Metabolic gives you 200 mL
What are the four sources of your water loss?
Urine
Evaporation of sweat
Exhaled by lungs
Digestion- added to feces
What disease causes damage to the pituitary gland? Making it so you cannot retain water so you have to drink a lot and pee a lot
Diabetes
What does dehydration do to your blood pressure and how?
Dehydration results in lower H2O volume
Which causes lower blood volume
Which results in lower blood pressure?
Define osmolarity
A measure of the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution
What happens to your osmolarity when you are dehydrated?
Your osmolarity has a high concentration of solutes so your blood becomes thick
What happens to your thirst Center and five other systems when you’re dehydrated?
They are all activated
What does ADH stand for
Antidiuretic hormone
Where is ADH produced and stored
It is produced in the hypothalamus and it is stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
What does ADH stimulate?
What does an increase in ADH cause The hypothalamus to do
It stimulates the movement of H2O from the DCT and collecting duct into the blood. An increase of blood volume increases blood pressure
If the hypothalamus detects increased blood pressure, it decreases the production of ADH so no fluids are retained from the renal tubules into the blood
What is the release of ADH stimulated by?
High blood osmolarity meaning lots of solute and very little H2O
What electrolyte makes up the majority of cations in the extracellular fluid?
Sodium
What are sodium levels controlled by?
Adh
Anp
Aldosterone
Define hyponatremia
Low sodium in the blood
Define hypernatremia
High sodium in the blood
What is the most common anion in the ECF?
Chloride
What is chloride used to make?
Hydrochloric acid or stomach acid
What processes affect CL levels?
Adh
Anp
Aldosterone
What electrolyte is abundant in the ICF?
Potassium
What is potassium required for
Muscle contraction
Blood clotting
Nerve impulses. (Conduction)
What do potassium cells do to maintain BP?
Exchange the movement of hydrogen H+ for potassium K+
What is hyperkalemia?
High potassium levels
What does the body do to compensate for hyperkalemia?
The body releases aldosterone
The collecting duct. Secretes potassium
Which is excreted by the kidneys
Which can cause v-fib meaning a heart attack
What is hypokalemia
Low potassium levels
What does the body do when you have hypokalemia
It decreases the production of aldosterone
The kidneys reabsorb potassium
Blood volume and blood pressure increase
Is bicarbonate or hco3 found in the ICF or the ECF?
Ecf
What does bicarbonate buffer
It buffers blood to maintain the pH range
And controls the release of CO2
Is calcium or ca2 found in the ECF or the ICF?
The ECF
Where is 98% of your calcium stored
Your skeleton and teeth
What is hypocalcemia and what three things does it stimulate?
It is low calcium
It stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone or pth
Which stimulates osteoclasts?
Which remove the calcium in your bones through resorption?
It stimulates the release of calcium from the renal tubules back into the blood through reabsorption
It increases the production of calcitriol. (The active form of vitamin d) Needed for absorption
What is a blood pH range
7.35 to 7.45
What can help fix a person who has an irregular pH due to a metabolic (renal) problem?
Hyperventilation or hypoventilation can help restore pH through respiratory compensation
What can help a person that has an irregular pH due to respiratory causes
Secretion of h/ Reabsorption of hco3 in the renal tubule may help restore pH also called renal compensation
What are the signs that someone is having respiratory acidosis and what renal compensation occurs to help with this?
Signs
CO2 is high in arterial blood
The person is not exhaling enough CO2
Carbonic acid is forming
Blood pH is dropping below. 7.35
Renal compensation occurs when the kidneys increase the excretion of h and the reabsorption of hco3
What are the causes of respiratory acidosis?
What are the goals?
And what are the treatments?
Causes can include muscle disorder, emphysema, pulmonary edema, and brain damage
Goal would be to exhale more CO2
Treatment includes ventilation therapy or iv of hco3
What are the signs and goals of respiratory alkalosis
Signs include low CO2 and blood results and too little carbonic and low PH
Goal would be to increase blood levels of CO2
What is the renal compensation of respiratory alkalosis?
The causes
And the treatments
Renal compensation would include kidneys decrease excretion of age to decrease pH making the blood more acidic
Causes include anxiety, high altitude, stroke or pulmonary disease
Treatment would include breathing into a paper bag
What are the signs and causes of metabolic acidosis?
Low levels of hco3 in the blood meaning you have no buffer
Causes include loss of hco3 due to diarrhea or kidneys
Ketosis meaning excessive lipolysis forms. Ketone bodies
Failure to excrete h
What is the treatment for metabolic acidosis?
If not too severe. Hyperventilation which is respiratory compensation
Meaning short breasts to remove CO2
Or an IV hco3?
What are the signs and causes of metabolic alkalosis
Signs include high levels of hco3 in blood
Causes include excessive intake of alkaline drugs for example Tums
Excessive vomiting for a loss of HCL
Dehydration
Hormone disorders
What is the renal compensation and treatment of metabolic alkalosis?
Renal compensation is hypoventilation
Treatment is IV of electrolytes
