Ch 19 The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What three things does the cardiovascular system consist of?
Blood heart and vessels
Define hematology
The branch of science that diagnosis and treats diseases of the red marrow
What type of blood does the red marrow make
All three types
Why is blood considered to be plasma
It is a connective tissue with a liquid matrix
What are the 3 functions of blood
It transports nutrients, gases, waste and hormones.
Regulation of body fluids
Protection by clotting, wbc immunity, plasma cells make antibodies
Physical characteristics of blood
Thickness
Temp
Ph
Liters
It is more viscous than water
38 C body is 37
7.35 to 7.45
5-6 liters males 4-5 females
What is the color of deoxygenated versus oxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated blood is dark red
Oxygenated blood is bright red
What are the formed elements of blood and their percent vs plasma percents
Formed elements
Blood cells -Most cannot replicate. They make up 45% of total blood volume
Plasma 55 %
What makes up 99% of the formed elements in blood
Red blood cells
What is your plasma made up of in percentages
92% H2O
8% solutes( most are plasma proteins)
What is another name for plasma proteins and what do they do
Colloids
They hang on to H2O
What do high altitudes do to your red blood cell count?
They make you increase the number of red blood cells that you have
Which increases your ability to carry oxygen
Which increases your endurance
What are the three proteins in blood and what does each one do?
Albumin helps maintain the osmolarity of the blood
Globulins are antibodies
Fibrinogen can, when converted to fibrin, clot the blood
What are the waste materials of the blood
Urea uric acid and creatine
What are erythrocytes
Formed elements of the blood that carry gases, also known as your red blood cells
What are leukocytes
Formed elements of the blood that deal with immunity
There are five types
They’re also known as your white blood cells
What are platelets?
They are also known as thrombocytes
They release chemicals that stimulate clotting
There are 13 steps
If you are missing even one of those steps you have hemophilia
What is the hematocrit number
Also called HCT
It’s the percent of red blood cells in total blood volume
What is the hematocrit level in men versus women in percents
The hematocrit level in women is 38 to 42%
. The hematocrit level in men is 40 to 54%
What is anemia
The loss of red blood cells or hemoglobin
What is hemoglobin made of
Fe( iron)
What is polycythemia?
An increase in red blood cells with a HCT level above 65%
How does dehydration affect your HCT count
It increases the red blood cell percentage overall which increases your O2 carrying capacity
How does blood doping affect your HCT level and what is it?
You add extra blood right before something strenuous that you have donated and held and reserved before
It makes you have more red blood cells overall which increases your HCT level which gives you a higher overall O2 carrying capacity
What is EPO?
A hormone that stimulates increased red blood cell production which increases your O2 carrying capacity
It is a banned drug
Define hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis?
The formation of blood cells in the marrow
In the development of an embryo, where does hematopoiesis first occur and then later where does it occur?
It first occurs in the yolk sac of the embryo
Later in the liver spleen thymus and lymph nodes
What is the thymus
A gland in the throat
What is the primary source of hemopoiesis 3 months prior to birth and throughout the rest of life?
Red marrow
What is trabeculae?
Partitions formed in spongy bone. Red marrow is found in the spaces in between
What three areas is red marrow commonly found in?
The ends of long bones
The pelvic and pectoral girdle
What areas are filled with yellow marrow
The medullary cavities
What happens to yellow marrow under certain conditions such as severe bleeding or anemia?
Yellow marrow has the ability to revert back to red marrow
What is a medullary cavity?
The empty space inside long bones that is filled with yellow marrow
What is yellow marrow made of?
Adipose
Define pluripotent
Stem cells that can become one of many different things
What are hemocytoblasts?
Pluripotent stem cells that will specialize into one of two groups
What are the two groups that hemocytoblast can form into?
Myeloid cells and lymphoid cells
What are myeloid cells?
They form red blood cells and all white cells except lymphocytes which are a type of white blood cell
What are lymphoid cells?
They form lymphocytes one of the five types of white blood cells
Stem cells in the red marrow can produce these three formed elements
Macrophages
Reticular cells
And mast cells
Where are reticular cells found?
In the liver and spleen
Lymph nodes are filled with these
What is the function of mast cells?
They make histamines during allergic reactions
What is nutrient foramen?
Little holes in the bones to allow nutrients to enter or exit
How do new cells and formed elements enter into circulation?
Little vessels enter through nutrient foramina( plural)
Vessels enlarge into sinusoids
Allow the entrance of cells
Those cells are now in circulation
When are hemopoietic growth factors released?
They will be released as you need the product
What are the three hemopoietic growth factors And what are they?
Erythropoietin or EPO?
Thrombopoietin or TPO
Cytokines
They are hormones
Where is EPO found and what does it do?
It is released in the kidneys
Stimulates the specialization of hematocytoblast to red blood cells
How does EPO factor in with kidney failure?
If you have kidney failure you can’t make EPO and you have anemia
What is thrombopoietin and where is it found
It is produced in the liver
It stimulates the specialization of hemocytoblasts into platelets( thrombocytes)
What are the two kinds of cytokines and what do they do?
Csf. ( colony stimulating Factor) and interleukin
They stimulate the specialization of pimocytoblasts into white blood cells
What pigment do red blood cells carry?
Hemoglobin
What does the hemoglobin in red blood cells bind to and what color does it create?
Oxygen
Creating the red color of blood
Number of red blood cells in men versus women
Men have approximately 5.4 million red blood cells per drop of blood
Women have approximately 4.8 million red blood cells per drop of blood
What shape is a red blood cell when formed and what happens to its shape after
It is round one formed and becomes concave after it spits out. Its nucleus and organelles
What is the rate that red blood cells go into circulation and the rate that they leave circulation
They enter at the rate of 2 million per second and are pulled out at the same rate
What are the shape of red blood cells?
Do they have nucleus or organelles?
They are biconcave discs
They are anucleate and have no organelles
What is found on the cell membrane to help determine blood type?
Glycolipids
What makes up about 1/3 of a red blood cells weight
Hemoglobin
Do red blood cells perform cellular respiration and why or why not
Did you not perform cellular respiration because they lack mitochondria?
How many HEB are in a red blood cell?
About 280 million per red blood cell
What is the globin portion of hemoglobin made up of?
Four polypeptide chains
What is the heme portion of hemoglobin and what is it bound to?
It’s made of iron
It is bound to each of the four chains of globin
What does each heme bind to and carry
Reversibly Binds to and carries eight oxygen molecules total
What transports about 23% of the CO2 and where is it carried?
Hemoglobin transports about 23% of the CO2 and it is carried on the globin portion
What carries NO and what does NO cause when released?
Hemoglobin carries NO
Causes vasodilation when released
What carries carbonic anhydrase and what does it do?
Hemoglobin carries it
It breaks down toxic CO2
How long is the life cycle of a red blood cell?
120 days
How do macrophages decide which red blood cells to pull out of circulation and where do they do it at?
They detect cells with leaky cell membranes
They pull them from circulation in the liver, spleen and marrow
What happens to the leaky old red blood cells after they have been pulled out of circulation by macrophages
The globin is recycled into amino acids
The heme portion is transported by transferrin to the liver or muscle cells for storage where it is bound to ferritin in these cells until needed
What is the non-iron portion of heme converted to after the red blood cell is recycled what it is added to and then where does it pass and what does it color?
It is converted to biliverdin and then bilirubin which is added to bile which passes into the intestine which is ultimately responsible for the color of feces
Define erythropoiesis
The formation of red blood cells
Location of erythropoesis and how many stages
Several stages and occurs in the marrow
What is the reticulocyte stage
It is a stage of erythropoesis where the nucleus is ejected causing the biconcave shape
But retaining a small amount of myitochondria, ribosomes, and ER
The red blood cells squeeze into circulation and are mature in 1 to 2 days
In cases of hypoxia what do the kidneys do
The increase EPO production
Can lucasoids undergo mitosis and if so what triggers them
Yes they can and they are triggered by infection
What blood cells have organelles and no hemoglobin
Leukocytes
What are the five types of granular leukocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
monocytes
What are the characteristics of neutrophils?
They have a two to five lobed nucleus meaning they are polymorphonuclear or pmn
They are the first to the site of a bacterial infection
What are the characteristics of eosinophils?
They have a two-lobe nucleus
They combat or work against histamines by releasing antihistamine
Their numbers increase with a helminth infection
What are the characteristics of basophils
They have a two-lobe nucleus
They stimulate the release of histamines during an allergic reaction
Release Heparin which thins blood
Serotonin which intensifies inflammation and allergic reactions
They are similar to mast cells
They are a warning not to do something
What are the characteristics of lymphocytes?
They have a large nucleus
A tiny ring of cytoplasm
Spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue like marrow and lymph nodes
They specialize in the b cells meaning they multiply into this
The b cells multiply into plasma cells which multiply into antibodies
The b cells destroy bacteria and inactivate bacterial toxins
t cells which attack infected body cells and tumor cells and are responsible for tissue rejection in the case of transplants
Natural killer. (NK) Cells which attack infected body cells
What are characteristics of monocytes?
They have a nucleus and a horseshoe shape
They will mature into fixed or wandering macrophages
They arrive in large batches to bacterial infections and will remove debris and phagocytize foreign materials
Where are fixed macrophages found
The liver spleen marrow lungs
In the liver they’re called kupffer cells
Where do wandering macrophages go
To the site of an infection
What is a major histompatibility complex or MHC?
They are found on all nucleated cells
They determine cell versus non-self and are made of glycolipids and glycoproteins
How many white blood cells per drop of blood
5,000 to 10,000
There are 700 red blood cells to each white blood cell
What is leukocytosis and when does it occur?
An increase in the number of white blood cells
Greater than 1,000 per microliter
It occurs during infection
Anesthesia
Exercise
Surgery
What is leukopenia?
A decrease in white blood cells
It is not good
It occurs from exposure to radiation
Shock
Chemotherapy
When you have less than 5000 per microliter
What is emigration also known as diapedesis?
The ability of a white blood cell to use its pseudopodia to exit a blood vessel and enter an infection area and kill. (Consume) The bad microbe
Define chemotaxis
Moving in response to chemicals from an infection
Stimulates white blood cells
How do neutrophils kill?
Release lysozyme
Oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide
CSF (colony stimulating factors) to stimulate mitosis of other white blood cells
What is the differential white blood cell count
It identifies a number of each type of white blood cell in a blood sample
Elevated amounts May indicate infection or be used to monitor blood conditions such as chemotherapy
How do platelets develop?
Myeloid stem cells under the influence of thrombopoietin. (TPO) Specialize into megocaryoblast which mature into megacaryocytes
These large cells fracture into 2000 to 3,000 small cell pieces in the bone marrow called platelets and
Enter circulation
How many platelets per drop of blood?
150,000 to 400,000
Features of the granules in platelets
Platelets contain granules but no nucleus
Granules contain chemicals that promote clotting
Will form platelet plugs to seal small vessels
What is the circulation span of platelets
5 to 9 days after which they are taken out of circulation by macrophages in the spleen and liver
What is hemostasis and what are the three main ways to effect it?
To stop bleeding
Vascular spasms Buys time for
Platelet plug formation
Which buys time for clotting
How do vascular spasms work
Pain receptors cause the smooth muscle of vessels to contract
This causes vasoconstriction which will stop bleeding in small vessels
This is not strong enough to stop bleeding in large vessels, but it allows other methods time to kick in
What are the three steps to platelet plug formation?
- Platelet adhesion, platelets that stick to the torn fibers of a cut vessel
- Platelet release action, platelets release chemicals( a call for help) such as ADP and thromboxane a2 or ta2 to activate nearby platelets while serotonin causes vasoconstriction to decrease blood loss
- Platelet aggregation, platelets adhere to each other forming a mask called a platelet plug which may be strong enough to stop blood loss in small vessels
In clotting with hemostasis what is the serum?
plasma minus the clotting proteins
What is clotting or coagulation?
Gel formation a series of chemical reactions resulting in the formation of fibrin threads shaped like a fishing net
What is a thrombosis?
The formation of a clot in an unbroken vessel
What is a thrombus?
The name of the clot itself in an unbroken vessel
What is an embolus and what is this danger?
If a clot or any debris break away and travel in the blood, it is called an embolus
The danger is that it may block small vessels, such as in the lung called a pulmonary embolus or in the brain called a cerebral embolus which can lead to a stroke
What is the first stage of clotting
Damaged blood vessels results in exposure of collagen fibers
After the damage, what does contact with the collagen fibers result in
The activation of clotting factor 12
What happens after clotting Factor 12 is activated
Clotting Factor 10 is activated
What happens after clotting Factor 10 is activated
- Combines with clotting factor 5 to form the enzyme prothrombinase
What happens after prothrombinase is formed
Pro. And CA convert the blood protein prothrombin into thrombin
What happens after thrombin is formed
Thrombin and CA convert the blood protein fibrinogen into fibrin( forms collagen net)
What happens after fibrinogen is converted into fibrin?
Fibrin also activates clotting Factor 13 which strengthens and stabilizes the clot
What happens after the clot is strengthened and stabilized by clotting Factor? 13
Platelets adhere to the fibrin threads forming a clot
Vitamin k is required for the formation of which clotting factors and what is it produced by?
It is required for the formation of four of 13 clotting factors
It is produced by the normal Flora of the intestine
What is fibrinolysis?
Dissolution of a clot
What is the first step of fibrinolysis?
Inactive enzyme plasminogen is incorporated into the clot
What happens after the inactive enzyme plasminogen is incorporated into the clot?
Several factors such as clotting factors
Enzymes from epithelial cells of vessels
And thrombin can convert plasminogen into plasma
What happens after the plasmin is formed?
The plasma will slowly dissolve the clot by digesting the fibrin threads
What is prostacycline?
It is a type of prostaglandin hormone that inhibits platelet adhesion
What is heparin?
An anticoagulant produced by mast cells that works by blocking thrombin
