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Biology 105- LECTURE > EXAM 2 Material > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Material Flashcards

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1
Q

When a large body of evidence supports a scientific theory then that theory is considered proven. (true or false)

A

False

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2
Q

A large number of studies confirm that there are many misconceptions about science and especially about evolution. For example, almost two-thirds of Americans believe they share less than half their genes with “monkeys”, when in act the figure is between _ depending on the primate and comparison method

A

95-99%

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3
Q

The peer review process is a critical aspect of our ability to draw conclusions from scientific research. Which of the following are valued in peer review?

A

Criticism
Openness to alternative explanations
Integrity of researchers

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4
Q

The white paper of the “Joint Science Academies State: Global response to climate change indicates widespread agreement among scientist on which of the following?

A

Prompt action by developed nations to reduce greenhouse gasses is required to lessen the magnitude and rate of climate change.

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5
Q

Support for scientific theories is base on:

A

Evidence

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6
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the status of the Theory of Evolution? It is:

A

an embedded scientific theory that has withstood considerable criticism, been supported from a wide range of evidence, from a variety of disciplines, over a considerable period of time.

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7
Q

Once a substantial amount of supporting evidence has been generated, a scientific theory “graduates” and becomes fact. (true or false)

A

False

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8
Q

This person created a map of the cosmos in 100 A.D. based on geocentrism. It was not questioned for 1500 years.

A

Ptolemy

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9
Q

This person was not the first to suggest that the Earth moved around the Sun, but vigorously promoted the heliocentric view in the 1600s and played a major role in the scientific revolution.

A

Galileo

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10
Q

This person discovered redshift in distant galaxies in the 1920s.

A

Hubble

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11
Q

This person discovered a Universe where matter is a form of energy and space and time are intertwined.

A

Einstein

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12
Q

The writings of this person in the mid-1500s suggested that the Sun, not Earth, was the center of the solar system. The idea started an intellectual revolution.

A

Copernicus

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13
Q

The eclipse of 1919 validated:_

A

General Theory of Relativity

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14
Q

What do astronomers infer from the redshift of distant galaxies?

A

The Universe is exapanding

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15
Q

The names Penzias and Wilson are associated with the: _

A

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

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16
Q

This unexpected discovery in the mid-1960s settled the controversy between the Steady State Theory and the Big Bang Theory:

A

Cosmic Background Radiation

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17
Q

According to scientific findings, all things in the Universe had a common beginning. (true or false)

A

True

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18
Q

The Doppler Effect is observed when the source of an electromagnetic wave is moving with respect to an observer. When the source is moving toward the observer, the wave becomes _.

A

shorter

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19
Q

The Big Bang Theory states that billions of years ago matter erupted into already existing space. (true of false)

A

False

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20
Q

The Big Bang Theory:

A

is supported by evidence and experimentation, and is widely accepted by scientists.

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21
Q

About how long ago is the Big Bang thought to have occurred?

A

14,000,000,000(14 Million) years ago

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22
Q

Which of the following is evidence of the Big Bang?

A

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Redshift of light from distant galaxies
Large quantities of hydrogen in the Universe

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23
Q

The period of hyperinflation of the Universe occurred:

A

In the first fraction of a second after the big bang.

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24
Q

“Omnia Exeunt in Mysterium” means that:

A

At the absolute root of everything, there is mystery.

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25
Q

This person said that an expanding Universe could have been predicted as early as the 18th century but so strong was our belief in a static Universe that this idea persisted into the 20th century.

A

Hawking

26
Q

This person is responsible for developing the General Theory of Relativity, which is the foundation of our current understanding of the Universe and modern cosmology.

A

Einstein

27
Q

This person first formed the Big Bang Theory, which was developed much further by Gamow who predicted the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.

A

Lemitre

28
Q

How did the stars in the early Universe differ from stars today? The early stars were, on average _

A

Larger

29
Q

The super cluster of galaxies to which our galaxy belongs is called

A

Virgo

30
Q

Our solar system is in the _ Arm of the Milky Way.

A

Orion

31
Q

Which of the following structures is larger than any of the others?

A

a galaxy

32
Q

A supernova is:

A

the final stage in the life of a giant star

33
Q

Choose the Correct order in which the following events occurred, from earliest to most recent:
I. Formation of carbon
II. Formation of the Earth
III. Formation of hydrogen

A

III. Formation of hydrogen
I. Formation of carbon
II. Formation of the Earth

34
Q

Iron(Fe) is essential for life and is present in every living cell. True of False? Iron is an element that is made by stars like our sun before they turn into white dwarfs.

A

False

35
Q

Elements most common in living matter are:

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

36
Q

The Multi-verse Hypothesis has a long history of critical evaluation, testing, and criticism, and is considered to be firmly founded on rigorous scientific evidence (true of false).

A

False

37
Q

What is the fuel that powers the stars( including our Sun)?

A

Hydrogen

38
Q

Our Sun is in the main sequence stage of its life. What will be the next stage in the life of our star?

A

Red Giant

39
Q

Our sun is approximately:

A

5 billion years old

40
Q

Due to artificial lighting _ of the population in the U.S. cannot see the night sky well enough from their homes to distinguish the Milky Way

A

two thirds

41
Q

The Earth and its inhabitants are made of hyudrogen plus other heavier elements. The heavier elements were:

A

formed in the lives and deaths of giant ancestral stars.

42
Q

The most widely accepted model for the origin of the moon involves:

A

a planet-sized body hitting Earth and ejecting debris that became the moon.

43
Q

The primitive atmosphere of the Earth did not contain:

A

free oxygen

44
Q

The Miller-Urey Experiment demonstrated that:

A

molecules essential to life are easily formed in the lab when atmospheric conditions of early Earth are duplicated.

45
Q

Many compounds formed in the air and in the waters of early Earth prior to the first life forms. These pre-biotic ancestors (precursors) to life most likely included which of the following:

A

Simple organic molecules

46
Q

Fossil evidence indicates that life is about ______ years old.

A

3,800,000,000

47
Q

The theory that life or pre-biotic molecules of life came from outside Earth is called___________.

A

exogenesis

48
Q

The site of life’s origin is:

A

unknown

49
Q

These types of cells were created from an endosymbiotic relationship:

A

Eukaryotic

50
Q

T/F: The presence of stratospheric ozone was essential for the formation of the first life forms.

A

False

51
Q

Which of the following seemingly constitutes the majority of the Universe?

A

dark energy

52
Q

T/F: Physicists theorize that other galaxies in out universe may have different laws of physics.

A

False

53
Q

Quote: If there is poetry in my book about the sea, it is not because I deliberately put it there, but because no one could write truthfully about the sea and leave out the poetry- R. Carson

A

Ocean

54
Q

Quote: “;;;Living organisms are historical structures; literally creations of history. They represent, not a perfect product of engineering, but a patchwork of odd sets placed together when and where opportunities arose.” - Francois Jacob (1977)

A

Evolution

55
Q

Quote- “Currently, the U.S. earns $40 billion per year as the largest food exporter in the world. I present trends in U.S. population growth, domestic food consumption, energy supplies, and topsoil loss continue, the U.S. Food exports (including the income from them) are projected to virtually cease by 2040.” Dr. Pimentel, Cornell University

A

Population

56
Q

Define: any change or variation in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

A

mutation

57
Q

Define: A particular collection of alleles

A

gene pool

58
Q

Define: the movement of alleles from one population to another

A

gene flow

59
Q

Define: alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character

A

Allele

60
Q

Define: a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism

A

gene

Biology 105- LECTURE (5 decks)

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