EXAM 2 Material

Question 1

When a large body of evidence supports a scientific theory then that theory is considered proven. (true or false)

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A large number of studies confirm that there are many misconceptions about science and especially about evolution. For example, almost two-thirds of Americans believe they share less than half their genes with “monkeys”, when in act the figure is between _ depending on the primate and comparison method

Answer 2

95-99%

Question 3

The peer review process is a critical aspect of our ability to draw conclusions from scientific research. Which of the following are valued in peer review?

Answer 3

Criticism
Openness to alternative explanations
Integrity of researchers

Question 4

The white paper of the “Joint Science Academies State: Global response to climate change indicates widespread agreement among scientist on which of the following?

Answer 4

Prompt action by developed nations to reduce greenhouse gasses is required to lessen the magnitude and rate of climate change.

Question 5

Support for scientific theories is base on:

Answer 5

Evidence

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes the status of the Theory of Evolution? It is:

Answer 6

an embedded scientific theory that has withstood considerable criticism, been supported from a wide range of evidence, from a variety of disciplines, over a considerable period of time.

Question 7

Once a substantial amount of supporting evidence has been generated, a scientific theory “graduates” and becomes fact. (true or false)

Answer 7

False

Question 8

This person created a map of the cosmos in 100 A.D. based on geocentrism. It was not questioned for 1500 years.

Answer 8

Ptolemy

Question 9

This person was not the first to suggest that the Earth moved around the Sun, but vigorously promoted the heliocentric view in the 1600s and played a major role in the scientific revolution.

Answer 9

Galileo

Question 10

This person discovered redshift in distant galaxies in the 1920s.

Answer 10

Hubble

Question 11

This person discovered a Universe where matter is a form of energy and space and time are intertwined.

Answer 11

Einstein

Question 12

The writings of this person in the mid-1500s suggested that the Sun, not Earth, was the center of the solar system. The idea started an intellectual revolution.

Answer 12

Copernicus

Question 13

The eclipse of 1919 validated:_

Answer 13

General Theory of Relativity

Question 14

What do astronomers infer from the redshift of distant galaxies?

Answer 14

The Universe is exapanding

Question 15

The names Penzias and Wilson are associated with the: _

Answer 15

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Question 16

This unexpected discovery in the mid-1960s settled the controversy between the Steady State Theory and the Big Bang Theory:

Answer 16

Cosmic Background Radiation

Question 17

According to scientific findings, all things in the Universe had a common beginning. (true or false)

Answer 17

True

Question 18

The Doppler Effect is observed when the source of an electromagnetic wave is moving with respect to an observer. When the source is moving toward the observer, the wave becomes _.

Answer 18

shorter

Question 19

The Big Bang Theory states that billions of years ago matter erupted into already existing space. (true of false)

Answer 19

False

Question 20

The Big Bang Theory:

Answer 20

is supported by evidence and experimentation, and is widely accepted by scientists.

Question 21

About how long ago is the Big Bang thought to have occurred?

Answer 21

14,000,000,000(14 Million) years ago

Question 22

Which of the following is evidence of the Big Bang?

Answer 22

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Redshift of light from distant galaxies
Large quantities of hydrogen in the Universe

Question 23

The period of hyperinflation of the Universe occurred:

Answer 23

In the first fraction of a second after the big bang.

Question 24

“Omnia Exeunt in Mysterium” means that:

Answer 24

At the absolute root of everything, there is mystery.

Question 25

This person said that an expanding Universe could have been predicted as early as the 18th century but so strong was our belief in a static Universe that this idea persisted into the 20th century.

Answer 25

Hawking

Question 26

This person is responsible for developing the General Theory of Relativity, which is the foundation of our current understanding of the Universe and modern cosmology.

Answer 26

Einstein

Question 27

This person first formed the Big Bang Theory, which was developed much further by Gamow who predicted the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.

Answer 27

Lemitre

Question 28

How did the stars in the early Universe differ from stars today? The early stars were, on average _

Answer 28

Larger

Question 29

The super cluster of galaxies to which our galaxy belongs is called

Answer 29

Virgo

Question 30

Our solar system is in the _ Arm of the Milky Way.

Answer 30

Orion

Question 31

Which of the following structures is larger than any of the others?

Answer 31

a galaxy

Question 32

A supernova is:

Answer 32

the final stage in the life of a giant star

Question 33

Choose the Correct order in which the following events occurred, from earliest to most recent: I. Formation of carbon II. Formation of the Earth III. Formation of hydrogen

Answer 33

III. Formation of hydrogen I. Formation of carbon II. Formation of the Earth

Question 34

Iron(Fe) is essential for life and is present in every living cell. True of False? Iron is an element that is made by stars like our sun before they turn into white dwarfs.

Answer 34

False

Question 35

Elements most common in living matter are:

Answer 35

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Question 36

The Multi-verse Hypothesis has a long history of critical evaluation, testing, and criticism, and is considered to be firmly founded on rigorous scientific evidence (true of false).

Answer 36

False

Question 37

What is the fuel that powers the stars( including our Sun)?

Answer 37

Hydrogen

Question 38

Our Sun is in the main sequence stage of its life. What will be the next stage in the life of our star?

Answer 38

Red Giant

Question 39

Our sun is approximately:

Answer 39

5 billion years old

Question 40

Due to artificial lighting _ of the population in the U.S. cannot see the night sky well enough from their homes to distinguish the Milky Way

Answer 40

two thirds

Question 41

The Earth and its inhabitants are made of hyudrogen plus other heavier elements. The heavier elements were:

Answer 41

formed in the lives and deaths of giant ancestral stars.

Question 42

The most widely accepted model for the origin of the moon involves:

Answer 42

a planet-sized body hitting Earth and ejecting debris that became the moon.

Question 43

The primitive atmosphere of the Earth did not contain:

Answer 43

free oxygen

Question 44

The Miller-Urey Experiment demonstrated that:

Answer 44

molecules essential to life are easily formed in the lab when atmospheric conditions of early Earth are duplicated.

Question 45

Many compounds formed in the air and in the waters of early Earth prior to the first life forms. These pre-biotic ancestors (precursors) to life most likely included which of the following:

Answer 45

Simple organic molecules

Question 46

Fossil evidence indicates that life is about ______ years old.

Answer 46

3,800,000,000

Question 47

The theory that life or pre-biotic molecules of life came from outside Earth is called___________.

Answer 47

exogenesis

Question 48

The site of life's origin is:

Answer 48

unknown

Question 49

These types of cells were created from an endosymbiotic relationship:

Answer 49

Eukaryotic

Question 50

T/F: The presence of stratospheric ozone was essential for the formation of the first life forms.

Answer 50

False

Question 51

Which of the following seemingly constitutes the majority of the Universe?

Answer 51

dark energy

Question 52

T/F: Physicists theorize that other galaxies in out universe may have different laws of physics.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

Quote: If there is poetry in my book about the sea, it is not because I deliberately put it there, but because no one could write truthfully about the sea and leave out the poetry- R. Carson

Answer 53

Ocean

Question 54

Quote: ";;;Living organisms are historical structures; literally creations of history. They represent, not a perfect product of engineering, but a patchwork of odd sets placed together when and where opportunities arose." - Francois Jacob (1977)

Answer 54

Evolution

Question 55

Quote- "Currently, the U.S. earns $40 billion per year as the largest food exporter in the world. I present trends in U.S. population growth, domestic food consumption, energy supplies, and topsoil loss continue, the U.S. Food exports (including the income from them) are projected to virtually cease by 2040." Dr. Pimentel, Cornell University

Answer 55

Population

Question 56

Define: any change or variation in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Answer 56

mutation

Question 57

Define: A particular collection of alleles

Answer 57

gene pool

Question 58

Define: the movement of alleles from one population to another

Answer 58

gene flow

Question 59

Define: alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character

Answer 59

Allele

Question 60

Define: a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism

Answer 60

gene